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On Editing the 'Canterbury Tales'
Blake, N. F.
P. L. Heyworth, ed. Medieval Studies for J. A. W. Bennett (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), 101-19.
Most if not all early scribes used Hg, which avoided editorial tampering--i. e., introduction of new tales and links, revision of order of tales, "corrections" of lines, words, spellings. "The best an editor can do is follow Hg closely."
The Textual Tradition of 'The Book of the Duchess'
Blake, N. F.
English Studies 62 (1981): 237-48.
Nothing in the textual tradition of the three MSS of BD supports a thesis of differing exemplars. The lines of BD that are found in Thynne's edition but not in the MSS--lines 31-96, 288,480, 886--should be considered spurious until convincingly…
Critics, Criticism and the Order to the 'Canterbury Tales'
Blake, N. F.
Archiv 218 (1981): 47-58.
None of the structural orders that critics have strained to produce are totally satisfactory for a poem in such an obviously fragmentary state as CT by an author whose plans and intentions are as enigmatic as Chaucer's.
Caxton and Chaucer
Blake, N. F.
N. F. Blake. William Caxton and English Literary Culture. (London and Rio Grande: Hambledown Press, 1991), pp. 149-65.
Argues that Caxton's two editions of CT were prompted by patrons; that the revision of the text from the first to the second edition was a "haphazard affair"; and that Caxton's published remarks on Chaucer are conventional and economically motivated,…
The Relationship between the Hengwrt and the Ellesmere Manuscripts of the 'Canterbury Tales'
Blake, N. F.
Essays and Studies 32 (1979): 1-18.
El is based on Hg, the first published text. Hg arranged the thirteen apparently unrelated fragments of the one copytext left by Chaucer not by geographical and chronological features which exercise modern critics but by a sequence of…
'Astromye' in 'The Miller's Tale'
Blake, N. F.
Notes and Queries 224 (1979): 110-11.
Twice the carpenter in MilT uses "astromye": is it a malapropism, an acceptable variant, or a scribal error? Since according to Manly-Rickert all mss of CT record "astromye," the last of these is not tenable. And since the word thus misused does…
The Northernisms in 'The Reeve's Tale'
Blake, N. F.
Lore and Language 3.1 (1979): 1-8.
Despite Tolkien's praise of Chaucer's "accurate observation" of dialects in RvT, examination of the mss of CT reveals that Chaucer's knowledge of northern dialect was in no way exceptional and that many of the northern speech characteristics of the…
Another Northernism in 'The Reeve's Tale'?
Blake, N. F.
Notes and Queries 222 (1977): 400-01.
The lines (1.4087 and 4187) in RvT suggest the reading of "god" without the inflectional ending. Tolkien objects on grounds of meter, but we do not know enough about Chaucer's meter to emend on these grounds alone.
Reynard the Fox in England
Blake, N. F.
E. Rombauts and A. Welkenhuysen, eds. Aspects of the Medieval Animal Epic. Medievalia Lovaniensia, Ser. 1, no. 3 (Louvain University Press; The Hague: Nijhoff, 1975), pp. 53-65.
The "Roman de Renart" has been overemphasized as a source for NPT and for other Middle English works; English animal fables, perhaps influenced in part by the "Roman," are more likely sources and should be explored more thoroughly.
Editing the 'Canterbury Tales': An Overview
Blake, N. F.
Norman Blake and Peter Robinson, eds. The 'Canterbury Tales' Project Occasional Papers, Volume I (Oxford: Office for Humanities Communication Publications, 1993), pp. 5-18.
Surveys textual issues that confront editors of CT, presenting the issues as background to the "Canterbury Tales" Project. Considers problems of lineation, the incompleteness of the text, the role of the links, questions of early circulation,glosses,…
The Ellesmere Text in the Light of the Hengwrt Manuscript
Blake, N. F.
Martin Stevens and Daniel Woodward, eds. The Ellesmere Chaucer: Essays in Interpretation (San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library; Tokyo: Yushodo, 1995), pp. 205-24.
Since the text of the Ellesmere manuscript is highly edited, Hengwrt is superior to it and should be used as the basis for standard editions of CT.
Speech and Writing: An Historical Overview
Blake, N. F.
Yearbook of English Studies 25 (1995): 6-21.
Surveys interrelations between speech and writing in the history of English, drawing on KnT and RvT to illustrate features of late-medieval lexis and syntax. Features of KnT may reflect "oral residue," while dialect features of RvT are better seen…
The Canterbury Tales Project
Blake, N. F.
Archiv 232 (1995): 126-37.
A report on the history and the goals of the "Canterbury Tales" Project.
The Project's Lineation System
Blake, N. F.
Norman Blake and Peter Robinson, eds. The Canterbury Tales Project Occasional Papers, Volume II (London: King's College, Office of Humanities Communications, 1997), pp. 5-14.
Describes a system of lineation for consistent citation of all materials relating to the textual history of CT, not only lines generally accepted as genuine but also all spurious and contested lines, including spurious tales. Explains the need for…
Language and Style in Additions to 'The Canterbury Tales'
Blake, N. F.
Jacek Fisiak, ed. Studies in Middle English Linguistics (Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1997), pp. 59-78.
Fifteenth-century scribal additions and changes to manuscripts of CT indicate the "linguistic and stylistic prejudices and attitudes" of scribes and their audiences. Treats Hengwrt as a base text and explores how changes in Ellesmere, British…
Chancery English and the Wife of Bath's Prologue
Blake, N. F.
Terttu Nevalainen and Leena Kahlas-Tarkka, eds. To Explain the Present: Studies in the Changing English Language in Honour of Matti Rissanen(Helsinki: Sociłtł Nłophilologique, 1997), pp. 3-24.
Computer-assisted analysis of forms of Chancery English in manuscripts of WBP indicates a drift toward standardizaiton, most striking in the change from "swich" to "such." Yet, the pull to the Chancery Standard is not always clear.
Editing the 'Canterbury Tales': Preliminary Observations
Blake, N. F.
Anglia 116 (1998): 198-214.
Referring to "The Wife of Bath's Prologue on CD-ROM" (Studies In the Age Of Chaucer 20 [1998], no.11), Blake concludes that Hengwrt should be used as the base text for the "Canterbury Tales" Project. He proposes three areas in which Hengwrt might be…
Geoffrey Chaucer and the Manuscripts of 'The Canterbury Tales'
Blake, N. F.
Journal of the Early Book Society 1 (1997): 96-122.
Describes uncertainties related to the manuscripts of CT and surveys critical efforts to resolve them--uncertainties about the state of Chaucer's papers at the time of his death and the circulation of tales before his death, the order and…
Nonstandard Language in Early Varieties of English
Blake, N. F.
Irma Taavitsainen, Gunnel Melchers, and Päivi Pahta, eds. Writing in Nonstandard English (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: J. Benjamins, 1999), pp. 123-50.
Assesses the northernisms in RvT and the speech of the bastard in Shakespeare's King John as examples of "nonstandard" language in a time when a standard was only developing. In both pronunciation and lexicon, the northernisms of RvT "should perhaps…
Pragmatic Markers in the Wife of Bath's Prologue
Blake, N. F.
A. J. Tops, Betty Devriendt, and Steven Geukens, eds. Thinking English Grammar: To Honour Xavier Dekeyser, Professor Emeritus (Leuven: Peeters, 1999), pp. 3-13.
Variants among pragmatic markers-"items which add to the feel of the line or to the organization of the text rather than directly to the sense of the passage"-in the manuscripts of WBP indicate that scribes changed them freely, even subconsciously.…
A New Approach to the Witnesses and Text of the Canterbury Tales
Blake, N. F.
Derek Pearsall, ed. New Directions in Later Medieval Manuscript Studies: Essays from the 1998 Harvard Conference (York; and Rochester, N.Y.: York Medieval Press, in association with Boydell and Brewer, 2000), pp. 29-40.
Summarizes the aims and methods of the Canterbury Tales Project, describes recent improvements in the analytic programs affiliated with the Project's data (SplitsTree rather than PAUP), and suggests ways the data may help to clarify manuscript…
The Virgule in the Wife of Bath's Prologue
Blake, N. F.
Loren C. Gruber, ed. Essays on Old, Middle, Modern English and Old Icelandic in Honor of Raymond P. Tripp, Jr. (Lewiston, N.Y.: Mellen Press, 2000), pp. 361-86.
Concludes that either the virgule replicates Chaucer's own mark, or its rather uniform placement signals a scribal practice not yet fully understood.
Caxton's Second Edition of the Canterbury Tales
Blake, N. F.
A. S. G. Edwards, Vincent Gillespie, and Ralph Hanna, eds. The English Medieval Book: Studies in Memory of Jeremy Griffiths (London: British Library, 2000), pp. 135-53.
Critiques Thomas F. Dunn's analysis of Cx2 and extends it, describing the book's composition and comparing Cx2 with Cx1. Suggests a possible scenario for the preparation of Cx2, discussing the role of the unknown manuscript (designated Y by Dunn) and…
Fabliaux and Other Literary Genres as Witnesses of Early Spoken English
Blake, N. F.
Hans-Jürgen Diller and Manfred Gorlach, eds. Towards a History of English as a History of Genres. Anglistiche Forschungen, no. 298. (Heidelberg: Winter, 2001), pp. 145-57.
The realism of fabliaux (and some drama) makes them valuable in studying the history of colloquial language, especially sexual colloquialisms. Blake draws examples from "Dame Sirith," MilT, RvT, WBP, and MerT, remarking on Chaucer's…
Standardisation of English and the Wife of Bath's Prologue
Blake, N. F.
Masahiko Kanno, Gregory K. Jember, and Yoshiyuki Nakao, eds. A Love of Words: English Philological Studies in Honour of Akira Wada (Tokyo: Eihosha, 1998), pp. 3-24.
Blake examines the spelling variants of terminal -n and -m in a variety of words in WBP to show that fro/from was relatively erratic. Similar analysis indicates that final -e was obsolescent as a plural marker and in weak adjectives. Blake suggests…
