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              <text>Krummel, Miriamne Ara.</text>
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              <text>Kathleen A. Bishop, ed. "The Canterbury Tales" Revisited--21st Century Interpretations (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2008), pp. 88-109.</text>
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              <text>"Canterbury Tales" Revisited-21st Century Interpretations.</text>
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              <text>Prioress and Her Tale</text>
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              <text>vxl SAC 32:259.</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner, the Prioress, Sir Thopas, and the Monk: Semitic Discourse and the Jew(s)</text>
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                <text>The violent anti-Semitism of PrT attracts critical attention, but a variety of brief, positive depictions of Jews occurs elsewhere in CT, reflecting the dynamic nature of medieval attitudes.</text>
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              <text>Dane, Joseph A.</text>
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              <text>Notes and Queries 230 (1985): 155-56.</text>
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              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 09 (188)</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner's 'Baskettes' ('Canterbury Tales' VI, Lines 444-6)</text>
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                <text>Three motifs in PardT have antecedents in Virgil's "Eclogue" 10, where basket weaving is a metaphor for making poetry.  Rejecting physical labor, the Pardoner asserts "otium," associated with begging.  In genre, PardT is a begging poem.</text>
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              <text>Jungman, Robert E.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Newsletter 1.1 (1979): 16-17.</text>
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              <text>1979</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 04 (96)</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner's 'Confession' and St. Augustine's 'De Doctrina Christiana'</text>
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                <text>Cites "De Doctrina," IV, xxvii, 59 as a source or gloss at least on the Pardoner's "confession":  Augustine notes that the wicked may preach what is right and good.</text>
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              <text>Jordan, William Chester.</text>
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              <text>Sheila Delany, ed. Chaucer and the Jews: Sources, Contexts, Meanings (New York and London: Routledge, 2002), pp. 25-42.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer and the Jews: Sources, Contexts, Meanings.</text>
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              <text>vxl</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner's 'Holy Jew'</text>
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                <text>Examines the framing narratives and the relics in PardT to demonstrate that Chaucer achieves dramatic closure at the end of the Tale with the pilgrims' rejection of the relics.</text>
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              <text>Trigg, Stephanie.</text>
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              <text>Ruth Evans, Helen Fulton, and David Matthews, eds. Medieval Cultural Studies: Essays in Honour of Stephen Knight (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2006), pp. 166-78.</text>
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              <text>Medieval Cultural Studies: Essays in Honour of Stephen Knight.</text>
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              <text>vxl SAC 30:227</text>
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                <text>Trigg addresses relationships among the reading audience, the pilgrim audience, and the "lewed peple" of PardPT. Set against the GP description of the Parson and his flock, the Pardoner's description of his preaching to the people may indicate their resistance to him. This dynamic is a "proleptic glimpse" into some of the issues confronting modern cultural studies.</text>
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              <text>Rhodes, James F.</text>
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              <text>Modern Language Studies 13:2 (1983): 34-40.</text>
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              <text>1983</text>
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              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 08 (172)</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner's 'Vernycle' and his 'Vera Icon'</text>
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                <text>Various legends, iconography, and etymology of Saint Veronica illuminate the "vernycle" emblem on the Pardoner's cap as a clue to his character and motives."</text>
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              <text>Curtis, Penelope.</text>
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              <text>Critical Review (Melbourne) 11 (1968): 15-31.</text>
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              <text>Critical Review 11 (1968): 15-31.</text>
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              <text>Pardoner and His Tale&#13;
Parson and His Tale</text>
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              <text>mea; 3/15/2018</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>1968</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner's "Jape."</text>
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                <text>Explores the differences between PardP and PardT--differences in genre, atmosphere, and temporal dimension--arguing that they are part of the Pardoner's efforts to manipulate his audience. Contrasts the self-interested, time-bound play of the Pardoner with the earnest, transcendent rhetoric of ParsPT and with the presiding present-tense game of the Canterbury fiction which is evident in the Host's words to the Pardoner before and after his performance.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2818785">
              <text>Nichols, Robert E., Jr.</text>
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              <text>PMLA 82 (1967): 498-504.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2818787">
              <text>PMLA 82 (1967)</text>
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              <text>Pardoner and His Tale</text>
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              <text>mea; 3/19/2018</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2818790">
              <text>1967</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2818783">
                <text>The Pardoner's Ale and Cake.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2818784">
                <text>Argues that the reference to ale and cake in PardP (6.321-22) is a "device operating on three levels": 1) creating cohesion in PardPT; 2) introducing the theme of gluttony; and 3) reinforcing the irony of the portrait of the Pardoner through a Eucharist motif.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Author / Editor</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2799679">
              <text>Condren, Edward I.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2799680">
              <text>Viator 4 (1973): 177-205.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2799681">
              <text>1973</text>
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          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2799683">
              <text>Pardoner and His Tale</text>
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              <text>Viator 04 (1973)</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2799685">
              <text>mea; 11/19/2014 No SAC</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner's Bid for Existence</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2799682">
                <text>Reads PardPT for the ways they reveal more about the Pardoner than he intends. The Old Man shows the pain of the Pardoner's "joyless existence," even though he has attempted to disguise it in his Prologue; the rioters reveal his obsession with death and its "moral consequences for him." Hungry for approval, the Pardoner is rejected by the Host who does not recognize his effort to "replace morality with art," another indication of the Pardoner's failure.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2739583">
              <text>Copeland, Rita.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2739584">
              <text>Sarah Kay and Miri Ruben, eds.  Framing Medieval Bodies  (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1994), pp. 138-59.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2739585">
              <text>1994</text>
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        <element elementId="108">
          <name>Alternative Title</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2739586">
              <text>Framing Medieval Bodies.</text>
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              <text>Kay, Sarah,</text>
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              <text>Ruben, Miri,ed.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2739589">
              <text>ed.</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2739591">
              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2739592">
              <text>jules SAC 19 (1997) - 249</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2739582">
                <text>The Pardoner's Body and the Disciplining of Rhetoric</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2739590">
                <text>Explores the roles of sexuality and gender in the institutional history of rhetoric and argues that the Pardoner's ambiguity dramatizes a double sense of rhetoric, both as an academic discipline and as a regulated body of practice.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2759054">
              <text>Lynch, Kathryn L.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2759055">
              <text>R. F. Yeager and Charlotte C. Morse, eds. Speaking Images: Essays in Honor of V. A. Kolve (Asheville, N.C.: Pegasus Press, 2001), pp. 393-409.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2759056">
              <text>2001</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2759057">
              <text>Speaking Images: Essays in Honor of V. A. Kolve.</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2759059">
              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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              <text>jules SAC 25 (227)</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2759053">
                <text>The Pardoner's Digestion : Eating Images in The Canterbury Tales</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2759058">
                <text>The Pardoner's "misunderstanding" of gluttony as a sin "becomes emblematic of his inability to appreciate significance in general." Lynch discusses digestive imagery from medieval commentaries on memory and meditation to clarify the nature of the Pardoner's error, arguing that PardT directs its readers to proper understanding.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2725757">
              <text>McAlpine, Monica E.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2725758">
              <text>PMLA 95 (1980): 8-22.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2725759">
              <text>1980</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2725762">
              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2725763">
              <text>PMLA 095 (1980)</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2725764">
              <text>jules SAC 04 (97)</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2725756">
                <text>The Pardoner's Homosexuality and How It Matters</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2725760">
                <text>In Chaucer's famous line "I trowe he were a geldyng or a mare" the word "mare" is best glossed "homosexual," and the description of the Pardoner fits all three medieval confusions with homosexuality:  effeminacy, eunuchy, and hermaphroditism.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2725761">
                <text>In his tale the Pardoner alludes to a fleshly unpardonable sin (379-80), which may be his own.  He is a pardoner who cannot himself (he feels) be pardoned.  His relics, therefore, entice others away from true contrition and are, like his body to himself, a source of sin.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2753899">
              <text>Boenig, Robert.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2753900">
              <text>ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews 13.4: 9-15,   2000.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2753901">
              <text>2000</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2753903">
              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2753904">
              <text>Wife of Bath and Her Tale.</text>
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        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2753905">
              <text>ANQ: A Quarterly Journal 13 (2000)</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2753906">
              <text>jules SAC 24 (290)</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2753898">
                <text>The Pardoner's Hypocrisy of His Subjectivity</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2753902">
                <text>Examines the almost ubiquitous assumption that hypocrisy is reflected in PardPT and suggests an alternative reading in which the Pardoner's words do not reveal his morality but parody WBPT.</text>
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              <text>Pardoner and His Tale</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner's Introduction, Prologue, and Tale: Sermon and "Fabliau."</text>
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                <text>Discusses PardPT as a "dramatic monologue, in the form of a sermon," set within a "'fabliau' framework." Identifies the various parts of the sermon structure and explains similarities between the "framework" and Chaucer's other fabliaux, particularly the "victimization of an unworthy."</text>
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              <text>Storm, Melvin.</text>
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              <text>PMLA 97 (1982): 810-18.</text>
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              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 06 (128)</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner's Invitations: Quaestor's Bag of Becket's Shrine?</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner threatens to lead the pilgrims astray to venerate his dubious relics, not to seek Saint Thomas.  PardT mirrors this aberrancy.  Thus the Host, as acknowledged leader, must be the one to snub him violently before order can be restored.</text>
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                <text>See the Forum reponses to Storm's essay by Hyde, Owen, and Summer in PMLA 098 (1983).</text>
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              <text>Purdon, L. O.</text>
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              <text>English Language Notes 28:2 (1990): 1-5.</text>
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              <text>1990</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 14 (220)</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner's Old Man and Leviticus 19.32</text>
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                <text>When the old man of PardT quotes Leviticus in his reproof of the three rioters, he omits the penultimate clause, "and fear the Lord your God."  The omission suggests an Augustinian doctrine that the damned are unmindful of God.</text>
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              <text>Purdon, L. O.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Studies in Philology 89 (1992): 334-49.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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              <text>1992</text>
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              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Studies in Philology 89 (1992).</text>
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              <text>mea</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner's Old Man and the Second Death</text>
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                <text>Summarizes the theological tradition of second or eternal death that results from mortal sin.  The concept is reflected in the figure of the Old Man, who is paradoxically both in death and deathless.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Green, Richard Firth.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Studies in the Age of Chaucer 15 (1993): 131-45.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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              <text>1993</text>
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              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 17 (199)</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner's Pants (and Why They Matter)</text>
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                <text>The breeches-kissing episode in PardT is analogous to fabliau narratives of the "Friar's Pants" in which a cuckolded husband is duped into believing that the cuckolder's pants are relics.  Green adduces several versions of the account and suggests that the allusion casts the Pardoner as an excessive womanizer, not a homosexual or eunuch.</text>
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              <text>da Costa, Alex.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Critical Survey 29.3 (2017): 27-47.</text>
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              <text>Critical Survey 29.3 (2017): 27-47.</text>
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              <text>Pardoner and His Tale</text>
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              <text>SAC 41:236</text>
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          <description/>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2829251">
              <text>2017</text>
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                <text>Reconsiders the possibility that the Pardoner is a woman passing as a man in PardT, which raises anxieties about the relation of outward appearance and inner substance. These parallel anxieties about the authenticity of relics and the validity of religious speech acts, including those involved with the transubstantiation of the elements of the Eucharist.</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner's Passing and How It Matters: Gender, Relics and Speech Acts.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2783219">
              <text>Swan, Richard.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2783220">
              <text>Deddington, Oxfordshire: Phillip Allan Updates, 2009.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2783221">
              <text>2009</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Pardoner and His Tale</text>
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              <text>AS/A-Level Student Text Guide.</text>
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              <text>vxl sac 33:156</text>
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              <text>Shaffern, Robert W.</text>
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                <text>Late medieval literary and historical attitudes toward pardoners suggest that the depictions in "Piers Plowman" and PardPT are exaggerated. Shaffern documents ecclesiastical efforts to control abuse of the office.</text>
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              <text>Jungman, Robert E.</text>
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              <text>Philological Quarterly 55 (1976): 279-81.</text>
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              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>jules - 26/9/94 SAC 1 (156)</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner's Quarrel with the Host</text>
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                <text>The theme of the Pardoner's sermon, "Radix malorum est cupiditas," comes from 1 Tim. 6:10.  Appropriately, the dispute between the Pardoner and the Host following the sermon illustrates Paul's assertion in 1 Tim. 6 that teaching based on "cupiditas" will lead to quarreling.</text>
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              <text>Malo, Robyn.</text>
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              <text>ChauR 43 (2008): 82-102.</text>
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              <text>vxl SAC 32:245.</text>
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                <text>The Pardoner's Relics (and Why They Matter the Most)</text>
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                <text>A recognition of the Pardoner as a "parodic relic custodian" calls for a fresh look at his sexuality--relic custodians were to be celibate--and casts into relief the tension in CT between restrictive ecclesiastical power and "lay desire" for access to the sacred, to relics in particular.</text>
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