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              <text>Green, Richard Firth.</text>
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              <text>Emily Steiner and Candace Barrington, eds. The Letter of the Law: Legal Practice and Literary Production in Medieval England (New York: Cornell University Press, 2002), pp. 105-14.</text>
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              <text>2002</text>
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              <text>The Letter of the Law: Legal Practice and Literary Production in Medieval England.</text>
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              <text>Knight and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>vxl SAC 27-186</text>
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                <text>Palamon's Appeal of Treason in the Knight's Tale</text>
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                <text>Legal diction and references in KnT reflect concern in the 1380s with the growing influence of the Court of Chivalry and the revival of trial by battle.</text>
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              <text>Dinshaw, Carolyn.</text>
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              <text>Studies in the Age of Chaucer 23: 19-41,   2001.</text>
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              <text>Biennial Chaucer Lecture, the New Chaucer Society, Twelfth International Congress, 14-17 July 2000, University of London.</text>
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              <text>Man of Law and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Studies in the Age of Chaucer 23 (2001)</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 25 (104)</text>
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                <text>Pale Faces : Race, Religion, and Affect in Chaucer's Texts and Their Readers</text>
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                <text>Dinshaw considers her autobiographical "queer diasporic experience" as a "pale Indian" in light of the representations of conversion, otherness, and paleness in MLT and the generally unnoticed presence of Indian influences on early English studies. She offers her meditative analysis to encourage other medievalists to challenge the assumptions that underlie "rationalistic, post-Enlightenment" notions of temporality.</text>
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              <text>Ramsey, Roy Vance.</text>
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              <text>Studies in the Age of Chaucer 8 (1986): 107-44.</text>
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              <text>1986</text>
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              <text>Studies in the Age of Chaucer 08 (1986)</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 10 (21)</text>
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                <text>Paleography and Scribes of Shared Training</text>
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                <text>New manuscript data reaffirm Ramsey's earlier argument that different scribes copied the Hengwrt and Ellesmere MSS of CT; M. L. Samuels is wrong in arguing that a single scribe copied these manuscripts and MS Corpus Christi 198.  Handwriting alone is not a reliable criterion for distinguishing among scribal hands:  different scribes could imitate each others's hand, as in MS Glasgow Hunterian U.1.1., though scribal "schools" may be distinguished.</text>
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              <text>Aloni, Gila.</text>
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              <text>Leo Carruthers, Raeleen Chai-Elsholz, and Tatjana Silec, eds. Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England (New York: Plagrave Macmillan, 2011), pp. 157-73..</text>
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              <text>2011</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2796391">
              <text>Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England.</text>
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              <text>Legend of Good Women</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2796394">
              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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              <text>Wife of Bath and Her Tale</text>
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              <text>Troilus and Criseyde</text>
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              <text>mea sac 35:145</text>
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                <text>Palimpsestic Philomela: Reinscription in Chaucer's 'Legend of Philomela'</text>
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                <text>Chaucer rewrites his source in Ovid "Metamaphorses" 6 to show the strong bond between the sisters who provide solace to each other.  The same kind of bond is shown among the women who support the raped maiden in the WBT. The meaning of rape in medieval England sheds light on the relations between Tereus and Pandion and has implications for Pandarus' role in TC in arranging Troilus' affair with Criseyde.  Chaucer's obliteration of Procne's revenge allows him to stress the mutually sustaining bond of the sisters.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Carruthers, Leo, Raeleen Chai-Elsholz, and Tatjana Silec, eds.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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              <text>2011</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2796358">
              <text>xiii, 267 pp.</text>
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              <text>Chai-Elsholz, Raeleen, ed.</text>
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              <text>Silec, Tatjana, ed.</text>
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              <text>Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations</text>
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              <text>The New Middle Ages.</text>
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              <text>mea SAC 35.4</text>
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                <text>Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England: Collected Essays</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This collection dedicated to André Crépin contains an introduction and eleven essays on different aspects of palimpsests, both in the technical and literary senses of the word. For three essays that pertain to Chaucer, search for  Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England under Alternative Title.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Treanor, Sister Lucia, F.S.E.</text>
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              <text>Michigan Academician 41 (2012): 53-67.</text>
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              <text>Michigan Academician 41 (2012)</text>
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              <text>Pardoner and His Tale&#13;
Style and Versification</text>
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              <text>SAC 40:257</text>
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              <text>2012</text>
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                <text>Palindromic Structure in the "Pardoner's Tale."</text>
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                <text>Explains palindromes and palindromic structures, rooted in classical and exegetical traditions, here exemplified by means of Augustine of Dacia's couplet. Then argues that PardT "features palinodromically arranged characters, settings, and words that progress toward a central space," evident in multilingual anagogical auditory puns. Also suggests that John Dryden imitated Chaucer's palindromes, and that the medieval poet knew Greek.</text>
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General Prologue the Canterbury Tales&#13;
Summoner and His Tale&#13;
Pardoner and His Tale</text>
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                <text>Points out that a reference to a palmer in GP recalls both the pilgrimage for one's own penance and the vicarious pilgrimage. Argues that the system of pardon and vicarious pilgrimage are burlesqued in PardPT and SumT. Suggests that the idea of "corpus mysticum" also "provides a narrative and thematic framework" of CT.</text>
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                <text>Although false relics often figured in polemics, relics were popular through the early Reformation.  Attitudes vary less than has been assumed among such writers as Guibert de Nogent, Lorenzo Valla, Wycliffe, Chaucer, Foxe, Latimer, Tyndale, and later Renaissance writers.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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              <text>ed.</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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                <text>Panchronia, czyli jezykoznawstwo bez Synchronii ( Panchrony, or Lingustics without Synchrony )</text>
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                <text>Cognitive linguistic analysis of Chaucer's uses of "meten" and "dremen," arguing that the two words are not synonymous as is usually assumed. In Polish.</text>
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              <text>D'Evelyn, Charlotte.</text>
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              <text>Troilus and Criseyde&#13;
Language and Word Studies&#13;
Manuscripts and Textual Studies&#13;
Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations</text>
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                <text>Considers manuscripts, editions, translations, and contemporary examples to explore Troilus's use of "devel" in TC 1.623, documenting variety in reading it as direct address, expletive, or exclamation. Shows that Troilus is not calling Pandarus a devil despite D. W. Robertson's ascertain that he was.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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        <element elementId="114">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2720491">
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              <text>Troilus and Criseyde&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations&#13;
Style and Versification</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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              <text>1964</text>
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                <text>Pandarus and Procne.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2843095">
                <text>Explores why Chaucer alludes to the "story of Procne and Philomena" at the awakening of Pandarus in Book 2 of TC even though he does not cite the tale when the "nightingale sings to Criseyde" later in the Book, commenting on readers' expectations and on possibly analogous references to nightingales and swallows in Boccaccio's Filostrato, Dante's Commendia, and bestiaries. Suggests several ways of reading Chaucer's bird allusions (and lack thereof) in TC, and closes with a coda on the preponderance of Chaucer's generally commonplace or realistic uses of flora and fauna.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2815021">
              <text>Rowland, Beryl.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2815022">
              <text>Orbis Litterarum 24 (1969): 3-15.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2815023">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2815025">
              <text>Troilus and Criseyde</text>
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              <text>Style and Versification</text>
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              <text>Orbis Litterarum 24 (1969)</text>
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              <text>mea; 04/09/2016 No SAC</text>
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                <text>Pandarus and the Fate of Tantalus</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Sketches the obscurities of Pandarus's character and motivations in TC, and, examining patterns of imagery and allusion, argues that he is both a voyeur and a Tantalus-figure whose "punishment [is] to endure for ever the agonies of unfulfilled anticipation."</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2837872">
              <text>Sévère, Richard.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2837873">
              <text>Texas Studies in Literature and Language 60 (2018): 423-42.</text>
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          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2837874">
              <text>Texas Studies in Literature and Language 60 (2018)</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
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              <text>Troilus and Criseyde</text>
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              <text>SAC 43:256</text>
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          <name>Date</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2837877">
              <text>2019</text>
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                <text>Pandarus and Troilus's Bromance: Male Bonding, Sodomy, and Incest in Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde."</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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              <elementText elementTextId="2837871">
                <text>Clarifies the meanings and applications of the term "bromance" and applies it to Troilus and Pandarus's relationship in TC, "wherein an incestuous act between Pandarus and Criseyde is among the many ways the poem utilizes heterosexuality to counter the homoerotic implications between the two men."</text>
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  <item itemId="261459" public="1" featured="0">
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <name>Author / Editor</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2695207">
              <text>Levine, Robert.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2695208">
              <text>Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 92 (1991): 463-68.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2695209">
              <text>1991</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2695211">
              <text>Troilus and Criseyde.</text>
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        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2695212">
              <text>Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 92 (1991)</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2695213">
              <text>mea</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2695206">
                <text>Pandarus as Davus</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2695210">
                <text>The characterization of Pandarus resembles that of Davus, the slave who appears as a crafty go-between in Terence, Matthew of Vendome, and Horace.</text>
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          </element>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
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      </elementSetContainer>
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        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Author / Editor</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2804431">
              <text>Rutherford, Charles S.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2804432">
              <text>Annuale Mediaevale 13 (1972): 5-13.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2804433">
              <text>1972</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2804435">
              <text>Troilus and Criseyde</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2804436">
              <text>Annuale Mediaevale 13 (1972)</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2804437">
              <text>mea 9/9/2015 No SAC</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
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      </elementContainer>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2804430">
                <text>Pandarus as Lover: 'A Joly Wo' or 'Loves Shotes Keene'?</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2804434">
                <text>Characterizes Pandarus as "a public figure, a chameleon, a consummate actor" who plays various roles, including that of "unrequited lover." His unusual moment of private lovesickness at the beginning of Book 2 is Chaucer's device for underscoring the power of love in the poem and bridging the "serialized narrative" of the five-book structure of TC.</text>
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  <item itemId="263066" public="1" featured="0">
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Author / Editor</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2711149">
              <text>Wack, Mary.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2711150">
              <text>John V. Fleming and Thomas J. Heffernan, eds.  Studies in the Age of Chaucer, Proceedings, No. 2, 1986 (Knoxville, Tenn.: New Chaucer Society, 1987), pp. 127-33.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2711151">
              <text>1987</text>
            </elementText>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="108">
          <name>Alternative Title</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2711152">
              <text>Studies in the Age of Chaucer, Proceedings, No. 2 (1986)</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2711154">
              <text>Troilus and Criseyde.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2711155">
              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2711156">
              <text>jules SAC 11 (266)</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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              <elementText elementTextId="2711148">
                <text>Pandarus, Poetry, and Healing</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2711153">
                <text>The language of love as illness is a significant Chaucerian addition to his source, the "Filostrato."  In Pandarus's first conversation with Troilus, allusions to Boethius and Ovid "define the depth and complexity of Pandarus's role as physician," since both authors use medical metaphors.  Chaucer "measures the curative powers of poetry against the medicines of philosophy, Ovidian oblivion against Boethian remembrance."  Medical discourse is inadequate to respond to the fullness of love.</text>
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  <item itemId="261456" public="1" featured="0">
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2695179">
              <text>Giunta, Edvige.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2695180">
              <text>Medieval Perspectives 6 (1991): 171-77.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2695181">
              <text>1991</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2695183">
              <text>Troilus and Criseyde.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2695184">
              <text>Medieval Perspectives 06 (1991)</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2695185">
              <text>mea</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2695178">
                <text>Pandarus: Process and Pleasure in Artistic Creativity</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2695182">
                <text>As a figure of the writer, Pandarus embodies the perverse nature of artist as observer.  Having completed his narrative in the consummation scene, Pandarus must invent another tale to make "wommen unto men to comen" and to survive as an author.</text>
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  <item itemId="262019" public="1" featured="0">
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <text>Friedman, John B.</text>
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              <text>Journal of English and Germanic Philology 75 (1976): 41-55.</text>
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              <text>Troilus and Criseyde.</text>
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              <text>jules - 6/10/94 SAC 1 (209)</text>
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                <text>Pandarus' Cushion and the 'pluma Sardanapalli'</text>
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                <text>The cushion Pandarus fetches Troilus in Book III of TC linked for Chaucer's audience "Luxuria" and "Fortuna."  Juvenal, Boccaccio, and contemporary iconography associated cushions with Sardanapalus, and thence with beds and lust.  The analogy of Troilus' bed with that of Boethius connected the cushion with Fortune. </text>
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                <text>Seven illustrations.</text>
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              <text>English Studies 89 (2008): 403-14.</text>
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              <text>English Studies 89 (2008).</text>
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              <text>vxl SAC 32:316.</text>
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                <text>Modarelli examines the characterization of Pandarus in TC, particularly the way he acts "with the agency of an author"--one in a "trinity" of authors that includes the narrator and the poet. Using Tzvetan Todorov's formulation of "constructive reading," Modarelli argues that the character of Pandarus "has no psychological determinism" and thus is open to multiple readings, depending on the "socio-cultural attitudes and beliefs of various readers."</text>
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              <text>Wentersdorf, Karl P.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Studies in Philology 89 (1992): 293-313.</text>
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              <text>1992</text>
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              <text>Studies in Philology 89 (1992).</text>
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                <text>Pandarus's 'Haselwode': A Comparative Approach to a Chaucerian Puzzle</text>
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                <text>"Hazel" imagery in medieval and Renaissance literature suggests a meaning for Chaucer's "haselwode" quite different from the traditional interpretations--one rooted in poetic convention (erotic imagery) and social custom (going a-nutting).</text>
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              <text>Edwards, Robert R.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>R. A. Shoaf, ed. Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde: "Subgit to alle Poesye": Essays in Criticism.  Medieval &amp; Renaissance Texts &amp; Studies, no. 104. Pegasus Paperbacks, no. 10 (Binghamton, N.Y.: Medieval &amp; Renaissance Texts &amp; Studies, 1992), pp. 74-87.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde: "Subgit to alle Poesye": Essays in Criticism.</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2698299">
              <text>Troilus and Criseyde.</text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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                <text>Pandarus's 'Unthrift' and the Problem of Desire in Troilus and Criseyde</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2698298">
                <text>Contrasts Chaucer's depictions of desire in TC with source passages in Boccaccio's "Filostrato" and with a passage in Dante's "Purgatorio."  Chaucer's depiction is based on the "impoverished" view of desire presented in Boethius's "Consolation" and "Roman de la Rose," limiting the moral and erotic range of desire in TC.</text>
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  <item itemId="263319" public="1" featured="0">
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2713562">
              <text>Kaske, R. E.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Chaucer Review 21 (1986): 226-33.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2713564">
              <text>1986</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2713566">
              <text>Troilus and Criseyde.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 21 (1986)</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 10 (252)</text>
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                <text>Pandarus's 'Vertue of Corones Tweyne'</text>
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                <text>The crux may be explained by reference to Canticles 3:11 and the medieval commentators (e.g., William Durandus in his "Rationale divinorum officiorum").  The first crown is Criseyde's virtue; the second is the pity that Pandarus asks her to show Troilus.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Duncan, Edgar H., moderator.</text>
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              <text>Jerome Mitchell and William Provost, eds. Chaucer the Love Poet (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1973), pp. 91-106.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2803118">
              <text>1973</text>
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              <text>Chaucer the Love Poet.</text>
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              <text>Background and General Criticism</text>
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              <text>mea; 3/9/2015 No SAC</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2803115">
                <text>Panel Discussion [Chaucer the love poet]</text>
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                <text>Panelists include Norman E. Eliason, Robert E. Kaske, Edmund Reiss, and James I. Wimsatt, exchanging views on Chaucer's love poetry and fielding questions from the audience at a symposium held at the University of Georgia, 1971. Recurrent concern with "exegetical" criticism of Chaucer and love.</text>
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