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              <text>Greenwood, Maria K.</text>
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              <text>Colette Stvanovitch, ed. Marges/Seuils: Le liminal dans la littérature médiévale anglaise (Nancy: AMAES, 2006), pp. 247-69.</text>
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              <text>Marges/Seuils: Le liminal dans la littérature médiévale anglaise.</text>
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              <text>Knight and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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              <text>vxl sac 30:176</text>
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                <text>Narrow Margins of Meaning and the Metamorphosis of the Power-holder: The Political Figure of Theseus in Chaucer and in Chaucer's Predecessors, Euripides, Statius, Le Roman de Thèbes, and Boccaccio's Teseida</text>
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                <text>Focuses on Theseus in KnT as Chaucer's critique of power-holders in general.</text>
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              <text>Shea, Virginia Arens.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>DAI 32.11 (1972): 6394A.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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              <text>1972</text>
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              <text>Legend of Good Women</text>
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              <text>Troilus and Criseyde</text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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              <text>Dissertation Abstracts International 32 (1972)</text>
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              <text>mea; 12/01/2015 No SAC</text>
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                <text>Nat Every Vessel al of Gold: Studies in Chaucer's 'Legend of Good Women'</text>
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                <text>Reads LGW as a "double palinode" in which Chaucer explores the "variety and complexity of the feminine psyche" as expressed in his sources, Ovid and Boccaccio, and his own TC. Compares LGWP-F and LGWP-G to show that Chaucer increases the comedy and irony of the Prologue, and observes that in each of the legends he resists Cupid's "penance" by violating the rules imposed by the god and thereby subtly including Criseyde among his good women.</text>
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              <text>Cooney, Helen, ed.</text>
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              <text>Dublin and Portland, Ore. : Four Courts Press, 2001.</text>
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              <text>2001</text>
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              <text>191 pp.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2757638">
              <text>Background and General Criticism.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer's Influence and Later Allusion.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 25 (101)</text>
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                <text>Nation, Court and Culture: New Essays on Fifteenth-Century English Poetry</text>
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                <text>Ten essays by various authors on the role of language and literature in fifteenth-century England, Chaucer's influence at the time, and the relations of fifteenth-century literature to earlier and later tradition. Mention of Chaucer recurs throughout, usually deemphasizing his influence. For five essays that relate to Chaucer, search for Nation, Court and Culture under Alternative Title.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Butterfield, Ardis.</text>
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              <text>Brian Cummings and James Simpson, eds. Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 33-54.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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              <text>2010</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2790861">
              <text>Cultural Reformations: Medieval and Renaissance in Literary History.</text>
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              <text>Troilus and Criseyde.</text>
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              <text>vxl sac 34:301</text>
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                <text>National Histories</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Comments on Chaucer's address to his book at the end of TC as an example of the poet's awareness of linguistic and cultural diversity.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Fleming, John V.</text>
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              <text>Susan J. Ridyard and Robert G. Benson, eds. Man and Nature in the Middle Ages (Sewanee, Tenn.: University of the South Press, 1995), pp. 19-35.</text>
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              <text>1995</text>
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              <text>Man and Nature in the Middle Ages.</text>
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              <text>Prioress and Her Tale</text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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              <text>mea 5/9/2013 No SAC</text>
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                <text>Natura Lachrymosa</text>
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                <text>Assesses various medieval depictions of personified Nature lamenting human error, and comments on Prioress's "ambiguous" motto (Amor Vincit Omnia) as a "reordering" of the phrase "omnia vincit Amor" from Virgil's tenth "Eclogue," modified by the characterization of Courtesie from the "Roman de la Rose."</text>
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              <text>Woods, Susanne.</text>
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              <text>San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1985.</text>
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              <text>Style and Versification.</text>
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                <text>Natural Emphasis: English Versification from Chaucer to Dryden</text>
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                <text>The emphasis is Renaissance, but Woods looks briefly at Chaucer's metrics.</text>
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              <text>Krug, Rebecca.</text>
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              <text>Jane Tolmie and M. J. Toswell, eds. Laments for the Lost in Medieval Literature (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2010), pp. 225-41.</text>
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              <text>Laments for the Lost in Medieval Literature.</text>
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              <text>Clerk and His Tale.</text>
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                <text>Natural Feeling and Unnatural Mothers: Herod the Great, 'The Life of Saint Bridget,' and Chaucer's 'Clerk's Tale'</text>
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                <text>Explores the depictions of grief over lost children in the Wakefield mystery play "Slaughter of the Innocents"; a Middle English life of Saint Bridget; and ClT. The depictions present grief as variously natural, unnatural, and a response to conflict; however, grief transforms the mother figure in each work.</text>
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              <text>Physician and His Tale.</text>
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                <text>Natural Law and Chaucer's 'Physician's Tale'</text>
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                <text>Behind the grotesque circumstances of PhyT, Chaucer presents an ironic view of natural law:  Nature gloats as she forms Virginia to glorify God in purity; yet, the Physician mocks the sheltering of perfection since natural law will soon corrupt her.</text>
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              <text>Ni, Yun.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 57 (2022): 302-20.</text>
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                <text>Natural Law and Parliamentary Election in Geoffrey Chaucer's "Parliament of Fowls."</text>
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                <text>Demonstrates that PF reflects a movement from natural law to a more subjective interpretation of individual rights and ties this transition to the crisis of "commonalty" in the late fourteenth century.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Dunleavy, Gareth W.</text>
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              <text>Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 52 (1963): 177-87.</text>
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              <text>Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 52 (1963)</text>
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              <text>Background and General Criticism&#13;
Chaucer's Life&#13;
Book of the Duchess&#13;
Parliament of Fowls&#13;
Boece&#13;
Troilus and Criseyde&#13;
Canterbury Tales--General</text>
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              <text>mea; 4/24/2020</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Identifies references in Chaucer's works to "natural law," or "law of kynde," describing its status in medieval legal theory and philosophy, including Boethius, and exploring Chaucer's possible experiences with the practices of "law merchant" and "quick justice." Works considered include BD, PF, Bo, TC, and CT, where the Friar and Summoner flout natural law, while the Parson, Knight, and Plowman observe it.</text>
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                <text>Natural Law as Chaucer's Ethical Absolute.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Wilkerson, Anouska.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer's Influence and Later Allusion</text>
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              <text>Seventeenth Century 29 (2014)</text>
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              <text>mea; 2/17/2017 sac 38:53</text>
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                <text>Examines the influence of natural law philosophy on four of Dryden's translations of Chaucer and Boccaccio in "Fables, Ancient and Modern" (1700).</text>
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              <text>Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations</text>
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                <text>Discloses John Dryden's "profound interest in the rich cultural history of natural law philosophy" through close comparisons of his translations/adaptations of KnT and WBT with their Chaucerian originals, as well as through similar examinations of his translations of two tales by Boccaccio.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer in Perspective: Middle English Essays in Honour of Norman Blake.</text>
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              <text>Manciple and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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              <text>Squire and His Tale.</text>
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                <text>Natural Law in the Manciple's Tale and the Squire's Tale</text>
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                <text>Derived from Boethius's Consolation and from the Roman de la Rose, the exemplary image of the caged bird invoked for the audience of ManT and SqT the "natural law" of sexual drive and the requirement that human beings, unlike birds, curb this drive. The image provides motive for immoral behavior in the Tales but also encourages ethical critique of such behavior.</text>
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                <text>The prologue of LGW is a kind of "ars poetica" that contrasts seasonal renewal with eternal regeneration in order to show that poetry can mediate between them and serve as a true guide to love.</text>
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                <text>Discusses what naturalism is and how it links a set of normative intuitions about gender and desire to a broader theory of what it means for humans to be a law to themselves. Central to MilT is Alisoun, the "single most compelling instance of a desirable natural object." In MilT, Chaucer explores responses to the problems posed by normativity and the implications of such responses.</text>
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                <text>Aristotelian natural philosophy, specifically the doctrines of natural place and natural motion, lie at the heart of the structure and meaning of TC.  Troilus and Criseyde are bodies in motion toward their natural resting places; their natures--her slidingness and his steadfastnees--are their destinies.  The poem's Christian ending is appropriate to the ultimate destiny of human beings.</text>
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Language and Word Studies</text>
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                <text>Considers how Nature brings forces to bear that "incline" Hart to feel and behave the way he does in "King Hart." Argues that Chaucer's Wife of Bath uses the same technical term when she says "I folwed at myn inclinacioun / By vertu of my constellacioun" in WB 3.615-16..</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Author / Editor</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2784391">
              <text>Steadman, John M.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2784392">
              <text>Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1979.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2784393">
              <text>1979</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="99">
          <name>Physical Description</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2784394">
              <text>xii, 308 pp.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2784396">
              <text>House of Fame</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2784397">
              <text>Nun's Priest and His Tale</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2784398">
              <text>Wife of Bath and Her Tale</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2784399">
              <text>Pardoner and His Tale</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2784400">
              <text>mea 12/19/12 No SAC</text>
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        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2784390">
                <text>Nature Into Myth: Medieval and Renaissance Moral Symbols</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2784395">
                <text>In a section called "Chaucer and Medieval Tradition" (pp. 67-114), reprints (with revisions and expansions) several previously published essays by Steadman, all of which explore iconographical or allegorical aspects of Chaucer's works.  Includes the following studies: 1) "Chaucer's Eagle: A Contemplative Symbol," PMLA 74 (1959): 172-79; 2) "Chauntecleer and Medieval Natural History," Isis 50 (1959): 236-44; 3) "Flattery and the Moralitas of the Nun's Priest's Tale," Medium AEvum 28 (1959): 172-79; 4) "The Book-Burning Episode in the Wife of Bath's Prologue: Some Additional Analogues," PMLA 74 (1959): 521-25; and 5) "Old Age and Contemptus Mundi in The Pardoner's Tale," Medium AEvum 33 (1964): 121-30.</text>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Author / Editor</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2828631">
              <text>Robertson, Kellie.</text>
            </elementText>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2828632">
              <text>Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.</text>
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        <element elementId="99">
          <name>Physical Description</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2828633">
              <text>x, 443 pp.; illus.</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2828634">
              <text>Background and General Criticism</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2828635">
              <text>SAC 41:151</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2828636">
              <text>2017</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
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        <name>Dublin Core</name>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2828629">
                <text>Nature Speaks: Medieval Literature and Aristotelian Philosophy.</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2830664">
                <text>Discusses how Aristotelian natural philosophy--physics--was debated in the Middle Ages, and its influence on the aesthetic practice of Latin and vernacular writers, including Chaucer, Jean de Meun, Guillaume de Deguileville, and John Lydgate. Argues that these debates focus on the authority of nature in the context of a Christian world, and that "the controversial reception of this science fundamentally changed the kinds of poetic accounts of the world."</text>
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  </item>
  <item itemId="275601" public="1" featured="0">
    <collection collectionId="8">
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          <name>Dublin Core</name>
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
                </elementText>
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        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Author / Editor</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2836906">
              <text>McMullen, A. Joseph.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2836907">
              <text>A. Joseph McMullen and Erica Weaver, eds. The Legacy of Boethius in Medieval England: The "Consolation" and Its Afterlives (Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2018.), pp. 143-54.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="108">
          <name>Alternative Title</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2836908">
              <text>The Legacy of Boethius in Medieval England.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2836909">
              <text>Boece&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2836910">
              <text>SAC 43:L220</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2836911">
              <text>2018</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2836904">
                <text>Nature, Astronomy, and Cosmology in Chaucer's "Boece."</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2850974">
                <text>Identifies Chaucer's "cosmological additions" to Boethius's "Consolation of Philosophy" when translating it as "Boece," identifying the sources of these additions in earlier translations and commentaries, and speculating that Chaucer includes glosses and extrapolations about "nature, astronomy, and cosmology" in order to emphasize Boethius's theme that "through an understanding of the cosmos . . . one can begin to learn about oneself."</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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  </item>
  <item itemId="269669" public="1" featured="0">
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
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      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Author / Editor</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2777897">
              <text>Phillips, Helen.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2777898">
              <text>Marios Costambeys, Andrew Hamer, and Martin Heale, eds. The Making of the Middle Ages: Liverpool Essays. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2007, pp. 71-92.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2777899">
              <text>2007</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="108">
          <name>Alternative Title</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2777900">
              <text>Making of the Middle Ages: Liverpool Essays</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="112">
          <name>Contributor</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2777901">
              <text>Costambeys, Marios, ed.</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2777902">
              <text>Hamer, Andrew, ed.</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2777903">
              <text>Heale, Martin, ed.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2777905">
              <text>Legend of Good Women</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2777906">
              <text>Chaucer's Influence and Later Allusion</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2777907">
              <text>Chaucerian Apocrypha</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2777908">
              <text>vxl SAC 31:296</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
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    </itemType>
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        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2777896">
                <text>Nature, Masculinity, and Suffering Women: The Remaking of the Flower and the Leaf and Chaucer's Legend of Good Women in the Nineteenth Century</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2777904">
                <text>Phillips gauges Romantic responses to LGW and the "Flower and the Leaf" (attributed to Chaucer in the Romantic age), indicating that Keats, Tennyson, William Morris, Pre-Raphaelite artists, and others admired the poems for their depictions of Nature and for their views of gender, particularly their depictions of feminine suffering.</text>
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  <item itemId="267752" public="1" featured="0">
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Author / Editor</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2758332">
              <text>White, Hugh.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2758333">
              <text>New York and Oxford  : Oxford University Press, 2000.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2758334">
              <text>2000</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="99">
          <name>Physical Description</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2758335">
              <text>x, 278 pp.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2758337">
              <text>Squire and His Tale.</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2758338">
              <text>Manciple and His Tale.</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2758339">
              <text>Book of the Duchess.</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2758340">
              <text>Parliament of Fowls.</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2758341">
              <text>Physician and His Tale.</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2758342">
              <text>Troilus and Criseyde.</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2758343">
              <text>Tale of Melibee.</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2758344">
              <text>Parson and His Tale.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2758345">
              <text>jules SAC 25 (144)</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2758331">
                <text>Nature, Sex, and Goodness in a Medieval Literary Tradition</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
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              <elementText elementTextId="2758336">
                <text>Questions the notion that Nature was universally considered a positive force in the Middle Ages. Although depicted as God's vicar, Nature was also aligned with sexual impulses, complicating the image. White traces depictions of and attitudes toward nature and the natural in Latin tradition, English popular tradition, and French literature as they underlie the representations of nature in Gower's Confessio Amantis and Chaucer's works. Gower struggles to represent Nature as good but discovers that "such belief" is impossible to sustain. In ParsT and Mel, Chaucer expresses overt scepticism about the goodness of nature; in ManT and SqT, he uses Boethian material to suggest such scepticism. He provokes scepticism in his audience with BD and PF and employs similar strategies in PhyT and TC. Chaucer's view of the human condition is "stalked by despair."</text>
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