165 25 16381 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Robbins, Rossell Hope. Published Studies in the Literary Imagination 4.2 (1971): 73-81. Date 1971 Chaucer Subject To Rosemounde Style and Versification Journal by Volume Number Studies in the Literary Imagination 04 (1971) Source mea; 2/28/2016 No SAC Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'To Rosemounde' Description An account of the resource Comments on the conventional nature of the imagery and diction of Ros and argues that the poem was composed to "compliment" and "delight" the child-bride of Richard II, Princess Isabelle of Valois, on the occasion of "her entry into London in 1396." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Jambeck, Thomas J., and Karen K. Jambeck Published Children's Literature 3 (1974): 177-22. Date 1974 Contributor Jambeck, Karen K. Chaucer Subject Treatise on the Astrolabe Style and Versification Journal by Volume Number Children's Literature 03 (1974) Source mea 10/10/2014 No SAC Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Treatise on the Astrolabe': A Handbook for the Medieval Child Description An account of the resource Praises the stylistic appropriateness of Astr to its youthful audience, showing how Chaucer adapts the lexicon, syntax, and rhetoric of Massahalla to be more suitable to his ten-year-old son, Lewis. Chaucer relies on native rather than Latinate vocabulary, incorporates concrete details, streamlines syntax, and increases pedagogical effectiveness through various strategies of simplification, amplification, and repetition. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Donohue, James J., trans. Published Dubuque, Iowa: Loras College Press, 1975. Date 1975 Physical Description 201 pp. Chaucer Subject Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations. Troilus and Criseyde. Source jules - 16/sept/94;mea 4/5/2014 SAC 1 (3) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Cressida': Five Books in Present-Day English Description An account of the resource A Modern English translation in rhyme royal stanzas, based primarily on F. N. Robinson's text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Dietrich, Julia. Published Explicator 51 (1993): 139-41. Date 1993 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde. Journal by Volume Number Explicator 51 (1993) Source jules SAC 17 (251) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde,' Book 3, Line 1093 Description An account of the resource Discusses various critical readings of TC 3.1093 and suggests that the line should be read "at once ironically and without irony." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Carpenter, Nan Cooke. Published Explicator 30.06 (1973): Item 51. Date 1972 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde Journal by Volume Number Explicator 30 (1972) Source mea 9/9/2015 No SAC Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde,' III, 624-628 Description An account of the resource Comments on the portentousness of the conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn and on the moon as the cause of the rainstorm in TC 3.624-28, when Criseyde decides to stay at Pandarus's home. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Sturtevant, Peter A. Published Explicator 28 (1969): Item 5. Date 1969 Chaucer Subject Language and Word Studies Troilus and Criseyde Journal by Volume Number Explicator 28 (1969) Source mea; 2/9/2017 No SAC Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde,' III, 890 Description An account of the resource Suggests that Pandarus's phrase "ye haselwodes shaken" (TC 3.890) might be paraphrased as "you offer food to pigs." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Skubikowski, Kathleen. Published Explicator 40 (1982): 7-8. Date 1982 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde. Journal by Volume Number Explicator 40 (1982) Source mea SAC 06 (176) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde,' IV.29-147 Description An account of the resource Calchas's speech at the beginning of book 4 extends and enlarges the perspective of the narrative grown increasingly narrow during the course of books 1-3. Whereas in TC 1-3 the lovers are portrayed as increasingly confined--both spatially and temporally--in book 4 Calchas reappears and reintroduces the historic context of the lovers' plight. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor O'Desky, Leona. Published DAI 35.06 (1974): 3694A. Date 1974 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Journal by Volume Number Dissertation Abstracts International 35 (1974) Source mea; 12/7/2014 No SAC Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde: Astrology and the Transference of Power Description An account of the resource Reads TC allegorically, with sustained attention to astrological imagery, characterization, narrative structure, the biblical Book of Daniel, and the Augustinian theme of the transference of power. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Van, Thomas A. Published Explicator 34 (1975): Item 20. Date 1975 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde. Journal by Volume Number Explicator 34 (1975) Source jules - 6/20/94 SAC 1 (205) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' Description An account of the resource Through his poetic wit Chaucer makes Criseyde resemble a religious, even Christ. These suggestions add to the irony of the love. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Thomas, Jimmie E. Published Explicator 43:1 (1984): 6-7. Date 1984 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde. Journal by Volume Number Explicator 43 (1984) Source jules SAC 08 (231) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' Description An account of the resource Criseyde's sexually charged endearments for Troilus in bk. 3 of TC provided amusement for Chaucer's contemporary audience, adding new dimensions to Criseyde's character. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Alexander, James. Published Explicator 41 (1983): 6-7. Date 1983 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde. Journal by Volume Number Explicator 41 (1983) Source jules SAC 07 (227) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' Description An account of the resource Four puns not previously uncovered in the poem are "astoned" (5.1728), "inne...oute" (5.1519), "in armes" (2.165), and "ese" (2.1659). The last three have sexual suggestiveness. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Van, Thomas A. Published Explicator 40 (1982): 8-10. Date 1982 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde. Journal by Volume Number Explicator 40 (1982) Source mea SAC 06 (179) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' Description An account of the resource Criseyde's garden and Pandarus's home are integrated symbolically with the theme of mutability in TC. Both sites display Pandarus's dream of circumventing mutability and figure his attempts as a go-between to shape an unchanging earthly union in the face of "sublunary flux." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Penninger, Frieda Elaine. Published Lanham, Md.; New York; and London: University Press of America, 1993. Date 1993 Physical Description vii, 110 pp. Chaucer Subject Knight and His Tale. Troilus and Criseyde. Language and Word Studies. Source jules SAC 17 (149) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' and 'The Knight's Tale': Fictions Used Description An account of the resource Reads KnT and TC as "tales of fortune's fools" in which the traditional themes of romantic love and knightly chivalry are undercut by verbal play and the trivialization of notions of pity, mercy, grace, and love. ParsT and Mel provide lexicons that emphasize the philosophical and spiritual limitations of the characters in the two romances, while SqT, FranT, and WBT help undercut the Knight's notion of knighthood. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Harvey, Nancy Lenz. Published David G. Allen and Robert A. White, eds. The Work of Dissimilitude: Essays from the Sixth Citadel Conference on Medieval and Renaissance Literature (Newark: University of Delaware Press; London and Toronto: Associated University Presses, 1992), pp. 48-56. Date 1992 Alternative Title The Work of Dissimilitude: Essays from the Sixth Citadel Conference on Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde. Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations. Source jules SAC 17 (256) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' and the Idea of 'Pleye' Description An account of the resource Chaucer plays on his audience's awareness that Boccaccio (not Lollius) is the true source of TC; he also engages in similar play between the pagan setting of the poem and its Christian message. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Primeau, Ronald. Published Keats-Shelley Journal 23 (1974): 106-18. Date 1974 Chaucer Subject Chaucer's Influence and Later Allusion Troilus and Criseyde Journal by Volume Number Keats-Shelley Journal 23 (1974) Source mea 10/27/2014 No SAC Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' and the Rhythm of Experience in Keats's 'What can I do to drive away' Description An account of the resource Tallies John Keats's early references and allusions to TC in his letters to Fanny Brawne and assesses how his lyric "What can I do to drive away" follows Chaucer's poem in representing the "rhythmic experience of pain passing into sweetness and sweetness into pain." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Schowerling, Rainer. Published Anglia 97 (1979): 326-49. Date 1979 Chaucer Subject Chaucer's Influence and Later Allusion. Journal by Volume Number Anglia: Zeitschrift fur Englische Philologie 097 (1979) Source jules SAC 03 (53) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' in der Englischen Literatur von Henryson bis Dryden Description An account of the resource Schowerling investigates the influence of Chaucer's TC on four writers of the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries. Writers and works discussed include Henryson's "Testament of Cresseid," Sidnam's paraphrase of TC, Shakespeare's "Troilus and Cressida" and Dryden's "Troilus and Cressida, or Truth Found too Late." Henryson's work is tragic in tone and imparts a moral. Conversely, Sidnam's paraphrase is best described as a tragicomedy. Shakespeare's "Troilus and Cressida" is the most innovative, while Dryden's heroic tragedy includes a major fall for Hector, Troilus, and Criseyde. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Zeikowitz, Richard Evan. Published Dissertation Abstracts International 61: 1394A, 2000. Date 2000 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde. Journal by Volume Number Dissertation Abstracts International 61 (2000) Source jules SAC 24 (395) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' in Male Homosocial Contexts : The Politicization of Same-Sex Desire Description An account of the resource Male-male intimacy evokes opposing reactions, positive or homophobic. Analyzes male-male bonds from biblical, classical, and medieval literature, including several English and French romances, together with chronicles attacking Edward II's and Richard II's choice of favorites. The friendship of Troilus and Pandarus is seen politically as reflecting Richard II and his advisors. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Edwards, A. S. G. Published Explicator 53 (1995): 66. Date 1995 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde. Journal by Volume Number Explicator 53 (1995) Source jules SAC 19 (1997) - 303 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' IV.588 Description An account of the resource By altering the proverb in TC 4.588 from "day" to "nyght," Chaucer ironically foreshadows the beginning of Troilus's period of unrest. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Heffernan, Carol F. Published N&Q 256 (2011): 358-60. Date 2011 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Journal by Volume Number Notes and Queries 256 (2011) Source mea SAC 35:152. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde' V. 1821 and Dante's 'Paradiso' XXII. 135: Laughter and Smiles Description An account of the resource The ludic responses depicted in these two lines bear out Barry Windeatt's assertion that Chaucer's "displacement of tragedy by comedy" at the end of TC took its inspiration from Dante's "Commedia." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Andretta, Helen Ruth. Published Dissertation Abstracts International 54 (1994): 3429A-30A. Date 1994 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde. Journal by Volume Number Dissertation Abstracts International 54 (1994) Source jules SAC 18 (1996) - 269 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde': A Poet's Response to Ockhamism Description An account of the resource Although recent criticism tends to classify Chaucer as an Ockhamist/nominalist, a close study of his most philosophical poem, TC, indicates that his thought was traditional and scholastic. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Puhvel, Martin. Published Explicator 42:4 (1984): 7-9. Date 1984 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde. Journal by Volume Number Explicator 42 (1984) Source jules SAC 08 (230) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde': III.890; V.505; V.1174-5 Description An account of the resource The word "hazelwode" in Pandarus's proverbs ridiculing the lovers' fatuous hopes indicates Chaucer's familiarity with the miraculous powers attributed to hazel in Celtic divination and healing rites. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Rudat, Wolfgang E. H. Published American Imago 40 (1983): 103-13. Date 1983 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde. Journal by Volume Number American Imago: A Psychoanalytic Journal for Culture, Science and the Arts 40 (1983) Source jules SAC 07 (235) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde': Narrator-Reader Complicity Description An account of the resource Several passages in TC indicate a covert incestuous strain between Criseyde and Pandarus, the "senex amans" who uses Troilus to fulfill vicariously his own sexual fantasies. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Knighten, Merrell Audy,Jr. Published Dissertation Abstracts International 36 (1976): 8076A. Date 1976 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde. Journal by Volume Number Dissertation Abstracts International 36 (1976) Source jules - 6/10/94 SAC 1 (191) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde': Some Implications of the Oral Mode Description An account of the resource Chaucer's poetry should be regarded as aural rather than oral. Aural poetry is less formulaic and digressive than poetry composed extemporaneously, but it too has special characteristics since it was to be heard and not read. TC reveals Chaucer's response to this genre. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Heffernan, Carol F. Published Neophilologus 74 (1990): 294-309. Date 1990 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde. Knight and His Tale. Book of the Duchess. Journal by Volume Number Neophilologus 74 (1990) Source jules - 26/10/94 SAC 14 (262) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde': The Disease of Love and Courtly Love Description An account of the resource Considers the medieval medical views on "amor hereos" and Chaucer's descriptions of it, first in KnT and BD, then in TC. In TC 1, Chaucer shows Troilus as suffering from the lover's disease, to which the consummation of his love in bk. 3 is, from a medical point of view, no more than a cure. At the end of bk. 5, Troilus rejects earthly for a heavenly, pure love. Revised in Carol Falvo Heffernan, The Melancholy Muse (Pittsburgh, Penn.:Duquesne University Press). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Bestul, Thomas H. Published Chaucer Review 14 (1980): 366-78. Date 1980 Chaucer Subject Troilus and Criseyde. Journal by Volume Number Chaucer Review 14 (1980) Source jules SAC 05 (234) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer's 'Troilus and Criseyde': The Passionate Epic and Its Narrator Description An account of the resource Like other late medieval art, TC exhibits a growing concern with the portrayal of emotions, especially through the shifting role of the narrator. He sometimes resorts to "occupatio," claiming inability to describe an emotional state, and eventually in Book V he, along with Troilus, recognizes that the passions in the poem are ephemeral, but nevertheless real.