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              <text>Reed, Thomas L. [Jr.]</text>
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              <text>Revue de l'Universite d'Ottawa 50 (1980): 215-22.</text>
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              <text>Parliament of Fowls.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 04 (152)</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Parlement of Foules': The Debate Tradition and the Aesthetics of Irresolution</text>
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                <text>The bird parliament accords with scholastic and literary forms of the debate, including the terminology which characterizes the tradition.  Typical of the literary debate, PF ends without any clear decision on either side.  The initial "demande d'amour" gives way to the opposition of courtly idealism and bourgeois pragmatism, and the validity of all earthly love is questioned by Scipio's dream.  Thus Chaucer turns the debate to refreshingly ambivalent ends.</text>
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              <text>Henley, Rosalie Darm.</text>
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              <text>DAI 32.08 (1972): 4586A.</text>
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              <text>Parliament of Fowls</text>
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              <text>mea; 12/01/2015 No SAC</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Parlement of Foules': Three Faces of Love</text>
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                <text>Explores three kinds of love in PF (transcendental, lustful, and natural), arguing that their deployment in the poem constitutes gentle mockery of courtly love.</text>
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              <text>Feil, Patricia Ann.</text>
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              <text>Dissertation Abstracts International 46 (1985): 1620A.</text>
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              <text>Parliament of Fowls. </text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Parlement of Fowles' Considered in Relation to the Medieval 'Demande d'Amour' and the Debate Genre</text>
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                <text>Studied in the context of bird debates, of works by Andreas Capellanus and Machaut, and of Chaucer's own KnT, WBT, and FranT, PF shows generic mastery and artistic integrity.</text>
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              <text>Fowler, David C.</text>
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              <text>David C. Fowler. The Bible in Middle English Literature (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1984), pp. 128-70.</text>
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              <text>1984</text>
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              <text>The Bible in Middle English Literature.</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Parliament of Fowls' and the Hexameral Tradition</text>
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                <text>Presents an overview of Ambrose's "Hexameron" and argues the informing presence of the hexameral tradition on a deep level--though it scarcely rises to the surface--in the text of PF.</text>
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              <text>Near, Michael R.</text>
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              <text>Pacific Coast Philology 20 (1985): 18-24.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 10 (238)</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Parliament of Fowls': Reading as an Act of Will</text>
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                <text>Calls into question subject-oriented readings; proposes reading of PF as process and act.  The narrator is an element of his own fiction.  Refers to Chaucer's model, Graunson's "Songe Sainct Valentin."</text>
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              <text>Ortego, Philip D.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 9 (1974): 182-89.</text>
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              <text>Shipman and His Tale</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Phislyas': A Problem in Paleography and Linguistics</text>
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                <text>Surveys efforts to explain the meaning of "phislyas" (MLE 2.1189; here attributed to the Shipman), summarizing contextual concerns, manuscript variants, and several etymological hypotheses; agrees with those who treat it as a term related to medicine.</text>
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              <text>Crowther, J. D. W.</text>
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              <text>English Studies in Canada 8 (1982): 125-37.</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Physician's Tale' and Its Saint</text>
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                <text>In spite of many similarities to saints' legends, PhyT does not entirely conform to the genre.  Instead of being a tale of faith affirmed, it is one of faith betrayed.  Virginius's lack of faith leads him to slay Virginia rather than allow her faith to be tested, as a saint's would be.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Renn, George A.,III.</text>
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              <text>Explicator 46:3 (1988): 4-7.</text>
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              <text>General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales.</text>
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              <text>Explicator 46 (1988).</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Prologue'</text>
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                <text>The red hose of the Wife of Bath may be her method of preventing venereal disease.  According to the "doctrine of signatures," a fancied resemblance of a color to a disease could aid in remedy of prevention.  Red was thought to be obnoxious to evil spirits and diseases.</text>
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              <text>Braswell, Mary Flowers.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 22 (1988): 295-304.</text>
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              <text>Shipman and His Tale.</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'queinte termes of lawe': A Legal View of the 'Shipman's Tale'</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's use of commercial law provides ShT with image patterns and word play as well as with models for his shaping of character.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2717953">
              <text>Regan, Charles Lionel.</text>
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              <text>American Notes and Queries 22 (1984): 97-99.</text>
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              <text>1984</text>
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              <text>mea SAC 08 (146)</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Reeve's Tale,' I, 4096 and 4127: More Word-Play</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's reference in RvT 4096 to "make a clerkes berd" (i.e., "cheat") may be echoed a few lines later in the oath "by seint Cutberd" (line 4127), suggesting terms for shaving and castration.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2809553">
              <text>Burbridge, Roger T.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Annuale Mediaevale 12 (1971): 30-36.</text>
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              <text>1971</text>
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              <text>Reeve and His Tale</text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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              <text>Annuale Mediaevale 12 (1971)</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2809560">
              <text>mea; 6/20/2016 No SAC</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Reeve's Tale' and the Fabliau 'Le Meunier et les .II. Clers'</text>
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                <text>Compares and contrasts aspects of RvT with two analogues, the A and B versions of "Le Meunier et les .II. Clers," arguing that Chaucer's version achieves greater vitality, clearer characterizations and motivations, and a great deal of comic irony.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2736146">
              <text>Beidler, Peter G.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 28 (1994): 237-51.</text>
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              <text>1994</text>
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              <text>Reeve and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 28 (1994)</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 18 (1996) - 169</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Reeve's Tale', Boccaccio's 'Decameron', IX, 6, and Two 'Soft' German Analogues</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's RvT contains sufficient close parallels with Boccaccio's story of Pinuccio and Niccolosa to suggest that the latter might have been a source for the former.  Two German versions of the cradle-trick story, although more similar in general story lines, are consistently inexact in their specifics.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2738735">
              <text>Lares, Jameela.</text>
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              <text>Cithara 34:1 (1994): 18-33.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer's Retraction.</text>
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              <text>Troilus and Criseyde.</text>
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              <text>Cithara 34 (1994)</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 19 (1997) - 281</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Retractions': A 'Verray Parfit Penitance'</text>
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                <text>Comparison with the ending of TC shows that Chaucer's Ret is not a literary device but rather an absolute statement of repentance.</text>
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              <text>Sayce, Olive</text>
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              <text>Medium Aevum 40 (1971): 230-48.</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Parson and His Tale</text>
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              <text>Medium Aevum 40 (1971)</text>
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              <text>mea; 03/25/2016 No SAC</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Retractions': The Conclusion of the 'Canterbury Tales' and Its Place in Literary Tradition</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2808555">
                <text>Assesses Chaucer's Ret as an adaptation of rhetorical and literary conventions of prologue, epilogue, and literary confession, arguing that his uses of the conventions in both ParsP and Ret indicate that he is resisting traditional rejections of secular literature and that he is "viewing the problem" of religious versus secular poetry "with ironic and humorous detachment." Rejects readings of Ret that treat it as sincere autobiography.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Tsuchiya, Tadayuki.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Masahiko Kanno and others, eds. Medieval Heritage: Essays in Honour of Tadahiro Ikegami (Tokyo: Yushodo, 1997), pp. 481-92.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2745706">
              <text>1997</text>
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              <text>Medieval Heritage: Essays in Honour of Tadahiro Ikegami.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2745710">
              <text>Monk and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 21-246</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Reyn' and 'Somerset Maugham's 'Rain'</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2745708">
                <text>Examines the play on "reyn" (as rain, reign, and rein) in Chaucer, especially in MkT, comparing such play with that in Somerset Maugham's "Rain."</text>
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                <text>In Japanese.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2733359">
              <text>Jankowski, Eileen S.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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              <text>Dissertation Abstracts International 54 (1993): 1354-55A.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2733361">
              <text>1993</text>
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              <text>Second Nun and Her Tale.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2733364">
              <text>Dissertation Abstracts International 54 (1993)</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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              <text>jules SAC 17 (215)</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Second Nun's Tale': Reception, Religious Ideology, and the Apocalyptic</text>
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                <text>In light of Hans Jauss's reception theory, most scribes' and readers' glosses characterize SNT as either a study of Cecilia's personality or a reflection of Chaucer's religious nature.  The narrative structure, however, places it at the juncture of mundane and eternal time.  SNT plays an important role in CT, shifting attention beyond this earth.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2749623">
              <text>Børch, Marianne.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Chaucer Yearbook 5 (1998): 19-40.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2749625">
              <text>1998</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2749627">
              <text>Second Nun and Her Tale.</text>
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        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2749628">
              <text>Chaucer Yearbook 05 (1998)</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
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              <text>jules SAC 22 - 277.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2749622">
                <text>Chaucer's 'Second Nun's Tale': Record of a Dying World</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2749626">
                <text>Views SNT as a "generic experiment" built "upon an epistemological premise whose axiomatic status was crumbling." Discusses analogical, hermeneutical, and hagiographic elements of the "Tale" as well.</text>
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  <item itemId="266862" public="1" featured="0">
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2749022">
              <text>Gastle, Brian W.</text>
            </elementText>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 99 (1998): 211-16.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2749024">
              <text>1998</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2749026">
              <text>General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2749027">
              <text>Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 99 (1998)</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>jules SAC 22 - 189.</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2749021">
                <text>Chaucer's 'Shaply' Guildsmen and Mercantile Pretensions</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2749025">
                <text>The portrait of the five guildsmen in CT is a critique of "petty bourgeois pretensions to political power." Though each was "shaply for to been an alderman," the guildsmen were not members of the professions from which aldermen were elected. Their dress, like their wives' aspirations for social climbing, makes them subjects for derision.</text>
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  <item itemId="262137" public="1" featured="0">
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2701870">
              <text>Heffernan, Carol F.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2701871">
              <text>Keith Busby and Erik Kooper, eds. "Courtly Liberature: Culture and Context." (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990), pp. 261-70.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2701872">
              <text>1990</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="108">
          <name>Alternative Title</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2701873">
              <text>Courtly Liberature: Culture and Context.</text>
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        <element elementId="112">
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              <text>Busby, Keith,</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2701875">
              <text>Kooper, Eriked.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2701876">
              <text>ed.</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2701878">
              <text>Shipman and His Tale.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2701879">
              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>jules SAC 14 (2722</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2701869">
                <text>Chaucer's 'Shipman's Tale' and Boccaccio's 'Decameron', VIII, i: Retelling a Story</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2701877">
                <text>Argues that "by studying Chaucer's handling of the story told by Boccaccio we may form a very good idea of the direction in which he modified the received French fabliau (if there was one)."  In Boccaccio's tale, there is no individuation of the merchant, wife, and lover whereas in Chaucer's ShT there is.  Of central concern are "the effects of maximizing characterization within the fabliau context established by the inherited plot."</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2710628">
              <text>Fichte, Joerg O.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2710629">
              <text>Joerg O. Fichte, ed.  Chaucer's Frame Tales (Cambridge, D. S. Brewer, 1987), pp. 51-66.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2710630">
              <text>1987</text>
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        <element elementId="108">
          <name>Alternative Title</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2710631">
              <text>Chaucer's Frame Tales.</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2710633">
              <text>Shipman and His Tale.</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
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              <text>jules SAC 11 (207)</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Shipman's Tale' Within the Context of the French Fabliaux Tradition</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2710632">
                <text>Stresses that genre markers influence audience reception.  Surveys the "mass of single works called "fabliaux proprement dits" to determine "invariant elements," which are genre markers in four categories:  "communicative situation, province of meaning, authorial intent, and audience reception."  Compares ShT with the hypothetical model.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Burrow, J. A.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Claude Rawson, ed. English Satire and the Satiric Tradition. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1984), pp. 44-55.  Also in Yearbook of English Studies 14 (1984): 44-55.</text>
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          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2717786">
              <text>1984</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2717787">
              <text>English Satire and the Satiric Tradition.</text>
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        <element elementId="112">
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Rawson, Claude,ed.</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
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              <text>Tale of Sir Thopas.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2717791">
              <text>Yearbook of English Studies 14 (1984)</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 08 (178)</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's 'Sir Thopas' and 'La Prise de Neuvile'</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2717789">
                <text>Th, according to L. H. Loomis, follows no previous pattern of burlesque.  This article disputes Lommis's contention through comparison with "prise de Neuvile" in action, language, opening address, catalogues, descriptions, parody, abrupt ending, and comedy.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2802114">
              <text>Kahrl, Stanley J.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2802115">
              <text>Chaucer Review 7.3 (1973): 194-209.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2802116">
              <text>1973</text>
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          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2802118">
              <text>Squire and His Tale</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2802119">
              <text>Knight and His Tale</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2802120">
              <text>Franklin and His Tale</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2802121">
              <text>Style and Versification</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 07 (1973)</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2802123">
              <text>mea; 1/9/2015 No SAC</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2802113">
                <text>Chaucer's 'Squire's Tale' and the Decline of Chivalry</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2802117">
                <text>Argues that SqT "presents the growing impulse toward exoticism and disorder at work in the courts of late medieval Europe," the antithesis of classical order depicted in KnT. Also comments on notions of "gentilesse" and the uses of rhetorical colors in SqT and FranT.</text>
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  <item itemId="263998" public="1" featured="0">
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2720034">
              <text>Goodman, Jennifer R.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2720035">
              <text>Studies in the Age of Chaucer 5 (1983): 127-36.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2720036">
              <text>1983</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2720038">
              <text>Squire and His Tale.</text>
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          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2720039">
              <text>Studies in the Age of Chaucer 05 (1983)</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2720040">
              <text>jules SAC 07 (172)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2720033">
                <text>Chaucer's 'Squire's Tale' and the Rise of Chivalry</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Romances that parallel the SqT's interest in "meticulous attention to the niceties of courtly life joined with an inexhaustible appetite for marvels" were fashionable for Chaucer's age.</text>
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  <item itemId="266536" public="1" featured="0">
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2745485">
              <text>Heffernan, Carol F.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2745486">
              <text>Chaucer Review 32 (1997): 32-45.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2745487">
              <text>1997</text>
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              <text>Squire and His Tale.</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2745490">
              <text>Chaucer Review 32 (1997)</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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          <description/>
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              <text>jules SAC 21 - 224</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2745484">
                <text>Chaucer's 'Squire's Tale': The Poetics of Interface or the 'Well of English Undefiled'</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>SqT is Chaucer's one foray into the genre of "interlace" romance, where characters and episodes are treated, then dropped, and subsequently treated again.  SqT is not a parody like Th; it is a different genre that Chaucer wanted to try.  He did not complete SqT because his talents were not suited to this kind of writing.</text>
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  <item itemId="266503" public="1" featured="0">
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2745171">
              <text>Astell, Ann W.</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2745172">
              <text>Studies in Philology 94 (1997): 395-416.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>1997</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2745175">
              <text>Man of Law and His Tale.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2745176">
              <text>Second Nun and Her Tale.</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2745177">
              <text>Studies in Philology 94 (1997)</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
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          <description/>
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              <text>jules SAC 21 - 191</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2745170">
                <text>Chaucer's 'St. Anne Trinity': Devotion, Dynasty, Dogma, and Debate</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2745174">
                <text>Examines Chaucer's two brief but similar references to the "St. Anne Trinity," a portrayal of Mary, Jesus, and St. Anne in the cultural context of fourteenth-century England.  Concludes that the references in MLT and SNT represent two sides of a complex debate between those who saw the legend of St. Anne as promoting the sacred nature of marriage and those who saw it as strong support for virginity.</text>
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