127 25 16381 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Fulton, Helen, ed. Published Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2021. Physical Description vii, 275 pp. Alternative Title Chaucer and Italian Culture Chaucer Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Source SAC 45:24 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Italian Culture. Description An account of the resource Collection of essays focusing on Chaucer's engagement with "Italian tradition" and his use and interpretation of Italian sources. For eight individual essays, search for Chaucer and Italian Culture under Alternative Title. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Clarke, K. P. Published Oxford; Oxford University Press, 2011. Date 2011 Physical Description vii, 234 pp. Chaucer Subject Manuscripts and Textual Studies Clerk and His Tale Wife of Bath and Her Tale Source mea SAC 35:14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Italian Textuality Description An account of the resource Studies how Chaucer's ClT may have been affected by the Italian textual tradition. The first part of the book concentrates on the Italian texts, particularly the Manelli codex of Boccaccio, "Decameron" X.10. The second part considers how the Hengwrt and Ellesmere manuscripts present ClT, its envoy, and WBP. Appendices compile the glosses from Manelli, Hengwrt, and Ellesmere. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Delasanta, Rodney K. Published Italian Journal 5 (1992): 39-42. Date 1992 Chaucer Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations. Journal by Volume Number Italian Journal 5 (1992) Source mea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Italy Description An account of the resource Surveys Chaucer's familiarity with Italian and his debt to Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Clarke, K. P. Published Literature Compass 8.8 (2011): 526-33. Journal by Volume Number Literature Compass 08 (2011) Chaucer Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Source SAC 40:68 Date 2011 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Italy: Contexts and/of Sources. Description An account of the resource Surveys studies of Chaucer's uses of Dante and Boccaccio as sources, focusing on work done since 1980 and "highlighting new and forthcoming work." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Knopp, Sherron. Published Comitatus 4 (1973): 25-39. Date 1973 Chaucer Subject Legend of Good Women Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Journal by Volume Number Comitatus 04 (1973) Source MEA; 1/14/2015 No SAC Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Jean de Meun as Self-Conscious Narrators: The Prologue to the 'Legend of Good Women' and the 'Roman de la Rose' 10307-680 Description An account of the resource Argues that in LGWP Chaucer derives his tone from Jean de Meun's self-conscious narratation in the "Roman de la Rose," as well as many "particularities . . . of himself as love and writer." Chaucer's narrator is a caricature of Jean's Amant, an "inversion" or "antithesis," even though each poet successfully justifies the "non-courtly contents" of his works. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Oizumi, Akio. Published Eigo Seinen 131 (1985): 294-96. Date 1985 Chaucer Subject Boece. Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations. Journal by Volume Number Eigo Seinen (Tokyo) 131 (1985) Source jules SAC 09 (222) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Jean de Meun: Their Translations of Boethius's 'De Consolatione Philosophiae' Description An account of the resource Compares Bo with Jean de Meun's and other versions and discusses Chaucer's translation technique and style. Scholars need more information on Chaucer's use of Jean de Meun and on medieval French translations of "De consolatione philosophae." In Japanese. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Phillips, Helen. Published Archiv 232 (1995): 23-36. Date 1995 Chaucer Subject Legend of Good Women. Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations. Journal by Volume Number Archiv fur das Studium der Neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 232 (1995) Source jules SAC 19 (1997) - 297 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Jean Le Fevre Description An account of the resource Argues that LGW was inspired by Jean Le Fevre's "Lamentations de Matheolus" (1371-72?) and "Livre de Leesce" (1373 or 1380-87). Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Buckmaster, Elizabeth. Published Medieval Perspectives 1 (1986): 31-40. Date 1986 Chaucer Subject Canterbury Tales--General. Journal by Volume Number Medieval Perspectives 01 (1986) Source jules SAC 11 (128) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and John of Garland: Memory and Style in the First Fragment Description An account of the resource The levels of style of the first three Canterbury tales correspond to John of Garland's columnar figure, which is itself a memory locus derived from classical rhetoric. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Staley, Lynn. Published Amy N. Vines and Lee Templeton, eds. New Directions in Medieval Mystical and Devotional Literature: Essays in Honor of Denise N. Baker (Bethlehem, Pa.: Lehigh University Press, 2023), pp. 183-202 Alternative Title New Directions in Medieval Mystical and Devotional Literature Chaucer Subject Book of the Duchess Chaucer's Life Source SAC 47:181 Date 2023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and John of Gaunt: Finding a Way to Break into History. Description An account of the resource Suggests John of Gaunt commissioned BD to elegize Blanche of Lancaster and to claim a "new future," a move inspired by Edward I's memorialization of Eleanor of Castile. An "important commission for Chaucer," BD gave him "opportunity to begin to develop a perspective on history that guided his later thinking," characterized by ventriloquizing "lessons taught by noble ladies" reinforced through the poem's "balancing references to Troy against those to Rome." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor McCall, John P. Published Speculum 40 (1965): 484-89. Journal by Volume Number Speculum 40 (1965) Chaucer Subject Clerk and His Tale Chaucer's Life Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Source mea; 1/23/2018 Date 1965 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and John of Legnano. Description An account of the resource Explicates Chaucer's reference to John of Legnano ("Lynyan" at ClT 4.34), clarifying the international reputation of the canon lawyer and his role in justifying the papal schism, suggesting how Chaucer may have learned of him during his 1378 mission to Italy, and explaining why the Clerk's reference to Petrarch is "heightened and expanded" by his reference to Legnano. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Cooper, Helen. Published Chaucer Review 21 (1986): 142-54. Date 1986 Chaucer Subject Canterbury Tales--General. Chaucer's Influence and Later Allusion. Journal by Volume Number Chaucer Review 21 (1986) Source jules SAC 10 (103) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Joyce Description An account of the resource A comparison, not a source study, which discovers parallel attitudes toward style, character, and tradition, especially on the role of humor in "Ulysess" and CT. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Economou, George D. Published Robert M. Stein and Sandra Pierson Prior, eds. Reading Medieval Culture: Essays in Honor of Robert W. Hanning (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005), pp. 290-301. Date 2005 Alternative Title Reading Medieval Culture: Essays in Honor of Robert W. Hanning. Chaucer Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations. Chaucer's Life General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales. Chaucer's Retraction. Source vxl sac 29:106 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Langland : A Fellowship of Makers Description An account of the resource Economou considers a range of possibilities--that Chaucer and Langland knew each other, knew each other's works, or shared the same literary context. Focuses on GP and Ret of CT. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Lassahn, Nicole. Published Essays in Medieval Studies 17: 49-64, 2001. Date 2001 Chaucer Subject Book of the Duchess. Journal by Volume Number Essays in Medieval Studies 17 (2001) Source jules SAC 25 (258) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Langland : Literary Representations of History in 14th Century England Description An account of the resource Compares Chaucer's use of history in BD with that of Langland in "Piers Plowman," suggesting that focus on contemporary events is common to the poets and perhaps indicative of their common audience. Such commonalities and the habits of mind they reflect may enable us to define more clearly what is meant by "Ricardian" literature. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Davlin, Mary Clemente, O.P. Published Kathleen M. Hewett-Smith, ed. William Langland's Piers Plowman: A Book of Essays (New York and London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 119-41. Date 2001 Alternative Title William Langland's Piers Plowman: A Book of Essays. Chaucer Subject Background and General Criticism. Source jules SAC 25 (103) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Langland as Religious Writers Description An account of the resource Chaucer and Langland are both "great religious writers," although Langland is more deeply engaged in "who and what God is." Both writers are poets of religious experience: Chaucer explores pathos, and Langland confronts the "central beliefs of Christianity." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Kane, George. Published Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. Date 1989 Physical Description x, 302 pp. Chaucer Subject Background and General Criticism. Source jules SAC 13 (67) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Langland: Historical and Textual Approaches Description An account of the resource Occasional essays previously published on Chaucer and Langland. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Bowers, John M. Published Notre Dame, Ind. : University of Notre Dame Press , 2007. Date 2007 Physical Description xii, 405 pp. Chaucer Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations. Canterbury Tales--General. Cook and His Tale. Monk and His Tale. Parson and His Tale. Troilus and Criseyde. Source vxl SAC 31:37 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Langland: The Antagonistic Tradition Description An account of the resource Chaucer's preeminence over Langland is an effect of historical and social forces and must be revised, because tradition is a conflicted notion that helps construct understanding of past, present, and future. Chaucer was a medium of this process, "the literary 'first mover' meant to generate succession and guarantee cultural continuity." Topics include destabilization of Chaucer as origin of the tradition; naming as a source of his authority; appropriation of Langland by various forces in history as opposed to a "coherent, self-conscious" attempt by Hoccleve and Lydgate to establish Chaucer as "father" so that they might inherit the tradition; and the role of print culture in establishing reputations of each author. Bowers focuses on CT generally, with some attention to CkT, the Host, MkT, ParsT, and TC. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Myles, Robert., and David Williams, eds. Published Montreal and Kingston : McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001. Date 2001 Physical Description xxii, 250 pp. Chaucer Subject Background and General Criticism. Source jules SAC 25 (123) Contributor Williams, David, ed. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Language: Essays in Honour of Douglas Wurtele Description An account of the resource Ten essays that pertain to Chaucer, plus a commemorative preface (by M. I. Cameron), an introduction (by David Williams) that summarizes the essays, a bibliography of Wurtele's publications, and a subject index. For individual essays that pertain to Chaucer, search for Chaucer and Language under Alternative Title. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Horobin, Simon. Published Literature Compass 8 (2011): 258-65. Date 2011 Chaucer Subject Language and Word Studies Journal by Volume Number Literature Compass 08 (2011) Source mea SAC 35:41. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Late Medieval Language Description An account of the resource "Reviews work on Chaucer's language and its importance for the development of English literary language." Also suggests directions for future language studies. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Wass, Rosemary Thérèse Ann. Published DAI 35.08 (1974): 5124A. Date 1974 Chaucer Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations Physician and His Tale Nun's Priest and His Tale Manciple and His Tale Wife of Bath and Her Tale Pardoner and His Tale Troilus and Criseyde Journal by Volume Number Dissertation Abstracts International 35 (1974) Source mea; 12/23/2014 No SAC Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Late Medieval Scholasticism: A Preliminary Study of Individuality and Experience Description An account of the resource Counters "Robertsonian" or exegetical criticism of Chaucer's works, particularly its neglect of "later scholastic philosophy," focusing on views of individuality and experience found in writers such as Roger Bacon, Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham. Includes sustained attention to the exemplary value of PhyT, NPT, and ManT, and the characterizations of the Wife of Bath, the Pardoner, and Criseyde. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Clogan, Paul (M.) Published Medievalia et Humanistica 9 (1979): 163-74. Date 1979 Chaucer Subject Chaucer's Influence and Later Allusion. Journal by Volume Number Medievalia et Humanistica 09 (1979) Source jules SAC 03 (43) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Leigh Hunt Description An account of the resource Like most of the early nineteenth-century critics, Leigh Hunt strove to bring about a popular revival of Chaucer. But more important, he was among the first to attempt a technical analysis of Chaucer's poetry and to link his poetry with the idea of music. Hunt added greatly to the Romantic conception of the poet. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Boitani, Piero. Published Reading Medieval Studies 2 (1976): 28-44. Date 1976 Chaucer Subject Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations. Romaunt of the Rose. Parliament of Fowls. Knight and His Tale. Journal by Volume Number Reading Medieval Studies 02 (1976) Source jules SAC 02 (83) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Lists of Trees Description An account of the resource A detailed, tabulated comparison of tree-lists in Chaucer (Rom 1379-86, PF 176-82, KnT 2063-65) with those in his sources shows Chaucer becoming more familiar with a technical vocabulary, and more willing to adapt and augment his immediate sources with names and qualities drawn from ancillary texts. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Vermeer, Peter M. Published Dutch Quarterly Review of Anglo-American Letters 4 (1974): 97-110. Date 1974 Chaucer Subject Background and General Criticism Journal by Volume Number Dutch Quarterly Review of Anglo-American Letters 04 (1974) Source mea 10/22/2014 No SAC Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Literary Criticism Description An account of the resource Reviews Ian Robinson's book, "Chaucer and the English Tradition" (1972), with commentary on various critical works published between 1950 and 1972. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Panzarella, Patrick Joseph. Published Dissertation Abstracts International 38 (1977): 1375A. Date 1977 Chaucer Subject Canterbury Tales--General. Journal by Volume Number Dissertation Abstracts International 38 (1977) Source jules SAC 02 (95) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Literary Genre Description An account of the resource Chaucer does not attempt to work within the framework of such established literary forms as romance and fabliau. The flaws in the genre approach become evident when the tales are judged from the broader perspective of medieval rhetoric and poetic. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Sugito, Hisashi. Published Research Bulletin: Liberal Arts (Nihon University College of Economics) 84 (2017): 73-81. Journal by Volume Number Research Bulletin: Liberal Arts (Nihon University College of Economics) 84 (2017) Chaucer Subject Chaucer's Influence and Later Allusion Source SAC 43:66 Date 2017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Literary Historiography in John Lydgate's "Siege of Thebes." Description An account of the resource Points out that Chaucer develops the idea of interpretation through his works (especially CT), and demonstrates how Lydgate's "The Siege of Thebes," drawing on Chaucer, revolves around the ideas of truth and interpretation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer Bibliography Online ChaucerItem2 Items for the Chaucer Database Author / Editor Spolsky, Ellen. Published Hebrew University Studies in Literature and the Arts 16 (1988): 51-67. Date 1988 Chaucer Subject Background and General Criticism. Journal by Volume Number Hebrew University Studies in Literature and the Arts 16 (1988). Source jules SAC 12 (110) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Chaucer and Literary History Description An account of the resource Argues that for most Chaucerian scholars historical criticism,which necessarily recognizes generic and cultural differences between our own time and the Middle Ages, is outweighed by aesthetic criticism, which is viewer-centered and oriented toward present, even personal, values and significance.