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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Calkin, Siobhain Bly.</text>
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              <text>Christopher Cannon and Maura Nolan, eds. Medieval Latin and Middle English Literature: Essays in Honour of Jill Mann (Cambridge: Brewer, 2011), pp. 1-24.</text>
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              <text>2011</text>
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              <text>Medieval Latin and Middle English Literature: Essays in Honour of Jill Mann.</text>
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              <text>Man of Law and His Tale</text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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              <text>mea sac 35:105.</text>
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                <text>The 'Man of Law's Tale' and Crusade</text>
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                <text>MLT engages with ideas found in Latin and French treatises advocating crusade and assesses the rhetoric and practices of crusades, critiquing their mercantile aims, the ignorance of cultural differences dooming efforts to convert Muslims, and poor planning. Examining Chaucer's adaptation of his sources, Calkin argues that successful conversion in the tale occurs when God's "'purveiaunce'" rather than human planning drives the endeavor, Chaucer presents a vision of cultural interaction between different Christianities, and while not an advocate of crusades, he highlights through Custance and Alla the heroism in accepting adversity and privation, which were experienced by crusading knights.</text>
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              <text>Bestul, Thomas H.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 9 (1975): 216-26</text>
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              <text>1975</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 09 (1975)</text>
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              <text>jules - 26/9/94 SAC 1 (115)</text>
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                <text>The 'Man of Law's Tale' and the Rhetorical Foundations of Chaucerian Pathos</text>
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                <text>The long tradition describing the relationship between rhetoric and emotion is reflected in Chaucer's pathetic tales.  Particularly in MLT, narrative comment upon the action and vivid description are the conventional strategies used to lead the audience, through emotional appeals, to affirm truth or to apprehend beauty.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Johnson, William C.,Jr.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 16 (1982): 201-21.</text>
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          <name>Date</name>
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              <text>1982</text>
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              <text>Man of Law and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 16 (1982)</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 06 (104)</text>
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                <text>The 'Man of Law's Tale': Aesthetics and Christianity in Chaucer</text>
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                <text>MLT is a test case of Chaucer's use of Christian materials directed toward a "new human center."  Christ and Christianity are uniquely transformed into a pervasive humanism, through Chaucer's tolerant ambivalence.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Silar, Theodore I.</text>
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              <text>Notes and Queries 242 (1997): 306-9.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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              <text>1997</text>
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              <text>Man of Law and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Notes and Queries 242 (1997)</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 21 - 197</text>
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                <text>The 'Man of Law's' Custance: Administrator of Frankalmoign</text>
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                <text>Citing examples from feudal law and practice, Silar argues that MLT 2.168 has a specific legal sense and should be translated "[Custance's] hand, in which the right to grant estates in the feudal tenure of frankalmoign."</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Striar, Brian.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Criticism 33 (1991): 173-204.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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              <text>1991</text>
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              <text>Manciple and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>House of Fame.</text>
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              <text>Legend of Good Women.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer's Retraction.</text>
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              <text>Criticism 33 (1991).</text>
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              <text>mea</text>
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                <text>The 'Manciple's Tale' and Chaucer's Apolline Poetics</text>
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                <text>ManT expresses ambivalence about verbal signification and asserts the power of poetry.  The role of Phoebus (a figure of poetry), imagery of caging, the figure of the crow, and violations of poetic decorum affirm humanist poetics, despite the instability of language and art.  The article also assesses the view of poetry in HF, LGW, and Ret.</text>
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              <text>Gruber, Loren C.</text>
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              <text>William C. Johnson and Loren C. Gruber, eds. "New" Views on Chaucer: Essays in Generative Criticism (Denver: Society for New Language Study, 1973), pp. 43-50.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2802957">
              <text>1973</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2802958">
              <text>New Views on Chaucer: Essays in Generative Criticism.</text>
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              <text>Manciple and His Tale</text>
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              <text>Language and Word Studies</text>
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              <text>mea; 3/9/2015 No SAC</text>
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                <text>The 'Manciple's Tale': One Key to Chaucer's Language</text>
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                <text>Argues that ManT contributes to the theme of the linguistic slipperiness in CT, depicting how language fails to reflect reliably the "actual nature of the world."</text>
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              <text>Lee, Brian S.</text>
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                <text>Comments on the upbringing of young people in CT. Mentioned in only three lines, the "mayde child" in ShT exemplifies the late medieval practice of wardship. The words signify the callous immorality of the guardian who, like the governesses castigated in PhyT, fails to set a good moral example.</text>
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                <text>Assesses MilT as an "anti-authoritarian" complaint against the estates--the clergy, the courtly aristocracy, the "providers," and women--depicting "the kind of thing the Miller would like to see happen to such people."</text>
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              <text>Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 10 (142)</text>
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                <text>For beginners, a study outline that introduces the major issues in MilT.</text>
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              <text>Richards, Mary P.</text>
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              <text>jules - 26/9/94 SAC 1 (112)</text>
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                <text>The 'Miller's Tale': 'By Seinte Note'</text>
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                <text>Since chronicle accounts of St. Neot's habits are contradictory, three extant recensions of the saint's life provide the best explanation of Chaucer's allusion in MilT. These recensions suggest that the poet establishes an ironic parallel between Absolon and St. Neot as a subtle means of criticizing the clergy.</text>
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              <text>Gaylord, Alan T.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Studies in the Age of Chaucer 6 (1984): 65-84.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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              <text>Prioress and Her Tale.</text>
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              <text>Studies in the Age of Chaucer 06 (1984)</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 08 (179)</text>
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                <text>Th is analyzed in the context of CT and compared with PrT.  The deliberate failure of Th to achieve the promised "miracle" is a comment on the difference between miracles and poetry:  miracles "overwhelm" debate, while poetry evokes it.</text>
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              <text>Boitani, Piero.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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        <element elementId="114">
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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                <text>While using the Italians' narrative structures in MkT, Chaucer twists the styles and themes of Dante and Boccaccio.  The pathos and direct narrative of Chaucer's Hugelyn supplant the horror and ambiguities of Dante's Ugolino.  Chaucer's Cenobia episode popularizes the refined complexity of Boccaccio's Zenobia.</text>
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              <text>Thundyil, Zacharias.</text>
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              <text>Christianity and Literature 20 (1971)</text>
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              <text>mea; 03/26/2016 No SAC</text>
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                <text>Gauges Chaucer's attitude toward "reason and revelation," and argues that "one of the structural principles" of CT is the "pursuit of moral wisdom," particularly in movement from KnT to ParsT and in the image of pilgrimage.</text>
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              <text>Coletti, Theresa.</text>
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                <text>The 'Mulier Fortis' and Chaucer's Shipman's Tale</text>
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                <text>In ShT, Chaucer may have used the well-known text of Proverbs 31.10-31, which praises the valiant woman, in ironic fashion.  The scriptural "mulier fortis" is praised for her "huswifery," her provision of food and clothing, her "rendering" to her husband--qualities ironically inverted by the wife of St. Denis.</text>
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              <text>Stevens, John.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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              <text>Medieval and Pseudo-Medieval Literature.</text>
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                <text>The 'Music' of the Lyric: Machaut, Deschamps, Chaucer</text>
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                <text>Deals with Wom Nob, and Ros; metrics, French sources in Machaut, Deschamps.</text>
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              <text>Harwood, Britton J.</text>
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              <text>Annuale Mediaevale 21 (1981): 5-30.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 06 (100)</text>
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                <text>The 'Nether Ye' and Its Antithesis: A Structuralist Reading of 'The Miller's Tale'</text>
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                <text>Treating MilT as myth, Harwood examines the way in which "objectlike" concretions and "ideational representatives" reveal a universal logic.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Shallers, A. Paul.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>ELH 42 (1975): 319-37.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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              <text>1975</text>
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              <text>Nun's Priest and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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              <text>ELH 42 (1975)</text>
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                <text>The 'Nun's Priest's Tale': An Ironic Exemplum</text>
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                <text>NPT is indebted to the naturalistic and mock-heroic tone of the French "Roman de Renard," as well as to an indigenous English tradition of didactic beast fables and exempla.  The Priest's concluding exhortation on humility marks the point of the "shifting focus" of these two strains.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2722396">
              <text>Frese, Dolores Warwick.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Chaucer Review 16 (1982): 330-43.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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              <text>1982</text>
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                <text>The 'Nun's Priest's Tale': Chaucer's Identified Masterpiece?</text>
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                <text>Following medieval rhetorical tradition, Chaucer has hidden his own name in the tale in anagrammatic fashion: "Ge" (for Geffrey, Chaucer's spelling of his own name) plus "Chau"ntl"c"l"er" results in "gentele Chaucer," employing the roman letters first, then the italic.  Furthermore, the animals' names in the tale may be those of real persons (e.g., the dogs Gerland and Colle represent John of Garland and Mino da Colle, a thirteenth-century Italian rhetorician).</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2802076">
              <text>Friedman, John Block.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Chaucer Review 7.3 (1973): 250-66.</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 07 (1973)</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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              <text>mea; 1/9/2015 No SAC</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2802075">
                <text>The 'Nun's Priest's Tale': The Preacher and the Mermaid's Song</text>
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                <text>Surveys approaches to NPT, and discusses its appropriateness as a homiletic exemplum to the Priest as narrator, discussing its rhetoric, its misogynistic depictions of females, and its allusions to mermaid song and Physiologus (7.3270-72)</text>
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  <item itemId="264308" public="1" featured="0">
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        <element elementId="110">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2723005">
              <text>Fries, Maureen.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>John F. Plummer, ed.  Vox Feminae: Studies in Medieval Woman's Songs (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute, Western Michigan University, 1981), pp. 155-78.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2723007">
              <text>1981</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2723008">
              <text>Vox Feminae: Studies in Medieval Woman's Songs.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2723010">
              <text>Background and General Criticism.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2723011">
              <text>Reeve and His Tale.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2723012">
              <text>Merchant and His Tale.</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2723013">
              <text>Troilus and Criseyde.</text>
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        <element elementId="104">
          <name>Series</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2723014">
              <text>Studies in Medieval Culture, no. 15.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 05 (68)</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2723004">
                <text>The 'Other' Voice: Woman's Song, Its Satire and Its Transcendence in Late Medieval British Literature</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2723009">
                <text>The vernacular "woman's song" focuses passively on the beloved (not the speaker's feelings), powerless to control the beloved.  Such features serve as a context to analyze the "comic sex- and/or class-role reversal" in RvT, MerT, and Antigone's Song and Criseyde's "aube" in TC.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Author / Editor</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2701571">
              <text>Reed, Thomas L.,Jr.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2701572">
              <text>Thomas L. Reed, Jr.  Middle English Debate Poetry and the Aesthetics of Irresolution (Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 1990), pp. 294-362.</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2701573">
              <text>1990</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2701574">
              <text>Middle English Debate Poetry and the Aesthetics of Irresolution.</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2701576">
              <text>Parliament of Fowls.</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2701577">
              <text>jules - 30/10/94 SAC 14 (252)</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2701570">
                <text>The 'Parlement of Foules'</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2701575">
                <text>Discusses irresolution, style, persona, the "experiential labyrinth," Chaucer's sources, and the relationship of PF to the contemporary political world.  The term "Parlement" evokes the university and law.  The chapter is divided into five parts:  "Genre and Structure:  Explicit and Implicit Debate"; "Experiential Realism"; "Recreational Irresolution"; "Social Referents, Audience, and  Occasion"; and "Philosophical Backgrounds."</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2747466">
              <text>Smarr, Janet.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2747467">
              <text>Chaucer Review 33 (1998): 113-22.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2747468">
              <text>1998</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2747470">
              <text>Parliament of Fowls.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2747471">
              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2747472">
              <text>Chaucer Review 33 (1998)</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2747473">
              <text>jules SAC 22 - 306.</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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              <elementText elementTextId="2747465">
                <text>The 'Parlement of Foules' and 'Inferno' 5</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2747469">
                <text>Like "Inferno" 5, PF contains references to Earthly Paradise and Hell, the dream, and the fate of those who attend to private lusts.  Dante compares the plight of souls to that of several kinds of birds, including three of the four bird categories in PF.  The descriptions of the lovers painted on the wall in the Venus temple contain six additional names derived from "Inferno" 5, and like Dante's narrator, Chaucer's "I" is only an observer.</text>
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  <item itemId="262033" public="1" featured="0">
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2700824">
              <text>Cowgill, Bruce Kent.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2700825">
              <text>Journal of English and Germanic Philology 74 (1975): 315-35.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2700826">
              <text>1975</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2700828">
              <text>Parliament of Fowls.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2700829">
              <text>Journal of English and Germanic Philology 74 (1975).</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2700830">
              <text>jules - 7/10/94 SAC 1 (223)</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2700823">
                <text>The 'Parlement of Foules' and the Body Politic</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2700827">
                <text>Chaucer's unifying theme in PF is political rather than otherworldly.  It involves the contrast between an orderly world governed by natural law (the gate's first inscription and Scipio's "commune profit") and a chaotic world controlled by selfish and irresponsible leadership (the gate's second inscription and the cacophonous "foules").</text>
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  <item itemId="266718" public="1" featured="0">
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
                </elementText>
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        <element elementId="110">
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2747434">
              <text>Cooney, Helen.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2747435">
              <text>Chaucer Review 32 (1998): 339-76.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2747436">
              <text>1998</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2747438">
              <text>Parliament of Fowls.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2747439">
              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2747440">
              <text>Chaucer Review 32 (1998)</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2747441">
              <text>jules SAC 22 - 303</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2747433">
                <text>The 'Parlement of Foules': A Theodicy of Love</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2747437">
                <text>PF offers an example of Chaucer's intertextuality.  The two "olde bokys" mentioned--Macrobius's commentary on "Somnium Scipionis" and Alain de Lille's "De planctu naturae"--inform the themes of suffering in love and the limitations of natural law in the poem.</text>
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  <item itemId="264939" public="1" featured="0">
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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          </elementContainer>
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      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Author / Editor</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2729092">
              <text>Baker, Donald C.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2729093">
              <text>Beryl Rowland, ed.  Companion to Chaucer Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 428-45.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2729094">
              <text>1979</text>
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        <element elementId="108">
          <name>Alternative Title</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2729095">
              <text>Companion to Chaucer Studies.</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2729098">
              <text>Parliament of Fowls.</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2729099">
              <text>jules SAC 03 (193)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2729091">
                <text>The 'Parliament of Fowls'</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2729096">
                <text>Substantive criticism of PF really begins in 1935 with Bronson, who stated that the poem is a study of contrasts between man's views of love.  Later critics have elaborated this view, noting the polarities of the work:  the "Somnium" and the garden, "caritas" and passion, Africanus and Cytherea.</text>
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                <text>Reprinted from the first (1968) edition, with updated bibliography.</text>
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