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              <text>Finlayson, John.</text>
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                <text>The Wife of Bath's 'Prologue,' LL. 328-336, and Boccaccio's Decameron</text>
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                <text>Contends that the Wife's defense against the charges of adultery (i.e., sex is a lantern that may be shared by many without depriving the owner) is a combination of a simile in the Roman de la Rose and a more exact parallel in Decameron 6.7, where Madonna Filippa defends herself against similar charges.</text>
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              <text>Fayne, Gwendolyn D.</text>
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              <text>Ulrich Müller and Kathleen Verduin, eds. Papers from the Fifth Annual General Conference on Medievalism 1990 (Göppingen: Kümmerle, 1996), pp. 73-82.</text>
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                <text>Feminism in The Wife of Bath's Tale: Chaucer Versus Dryden</text>
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                <text>In his modernization of WBT, John Dryden diminishes the "egalitarian" views of Chaucer's original and presents an outlook that is distinctly less feminist.</text>
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              <text>Rose, Christine M.</text>
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              <text>Maud Burnett McInerney, ed. Hildegard of Bingen: A Book of Essays. Garland Medieval Casebooks, no. 20; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, no. 2037. (New York and London: Garland, 1998), pp. 191-226.</text>
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              <text>Hildegard of Bingen: A Book of Essays.</text>
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              <text>McInerney, Maud Burnett,ed.</text>
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              <text>Man of Law and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 23 (163)</text>
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                <text>The Jewish Mother-in-Law: Synagoga and the Man of Law's Tale</text>
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                <text>Explores representations of the mother-in-law as a figure of Jewry and the synagogue in Western literary tradition. Although MLT overtly poses the Orient as the malevolent Other through the Sultaness, it also suggests in veiled ways that Jews threaten Christians.</text>
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              <text>Lucas, Angela.</text>
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              <text>Brian Cosgrove, ed. Literature and the Supernatural: Essays for the Maynooth Bicentenary (Blackrock, Ireland: Columba, 1996), pp. 11-32.</text>
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              <text>Literature and the Supernatural: Essays for the Maynooth Bicentenary.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 23 (180)</text>
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                <text>Keeping up Appearances : Chaucer's Franklin and the Magic of the Breton Lay Genre</text>
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                <text>Assesses FranT in light of the conventions of the genre of the Breton lay: prologue, setting, rash promise, magic, impossible task, love triangle, and love. According to Lucas, the distortion of these conventions indicates that the Franklin does not understand the "nature of this old fashioned aristocratic magical literary genre."</text>
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              <text>Greenberg, Nina Manasan.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 33: 329-49,   1999.</text>
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                <text>Dorigen as Enigma: The Production of Meaning in the Franklin's Tale</text>
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                <text>The riddle at the end of FranT-who is the most "fre"?-distracts the reader from the central issues of the Tale, namely the concept of the "Real" (Pierre Macherey) and questions of gender. Although Dorigen is apparently excluded from the answer to the riddle, her presence speaks loudly throughout. She is the catalyst of the story, and her words contain the power to "sleen" or "save."</text>
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              <text>Battles, Dominique.</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Franklin's Tale and Boccaccio's Filocolo Reconsidered</text>
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                <text>Chaucer drew from more than one segment of Filocolo to design FranT. He incorporated the larger frame narrative of Florio and Biancafiore, a tale of Byzantine origin that allowed him to draw on various elements of the copious and complicated Filocolo. This interpretation explains some of the "disparities" between FranT and its Italian source.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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              <text>Dissertation Abstracts International 60: 1569A,   1999.</text>
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              <text>1999</text>
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              <text>Squire and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Dissertation Abstracts International 60 (1999)</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 23 (177)</text>
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                <text>Medieval Man-Eaters: Cannibalism and Community in Middle English Literature</text>
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                <text>In medieval thinking, cannibalism became a marker setting off the Christian West from the barbarian East. Gradually, cannibalism came to be perceived sometimes figuratively, involving both the self and the other and a sense of identity. Ambrisco reads SqT as a consuming of Eastern culture to promote English identity and language.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750865">
              <text>Bratcher, James T.</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750866">
              <text>Enzyklopdie des Märchens 2.1-2: 417-21,   1977.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750867">
              <text>1977</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750869">
              <text>Merchant and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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        <element elementId="100">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750871">
              <text>Enzyklopdie des Märchens 02 (1977)</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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              <text>jules SAC 23 (176)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750864">
                <text>Birnbaum: Der Verzauberte B</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750868">
                <text>Traces common elements in narratives that include the pear-tree motif, including MerT and Decameron 7.9.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750854">
              <text>Miyajima, Sumiko.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750855">
              <text>Research Activities (Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University) 21: 39-51,   1999.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750856">
              <text>1999</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750859">
              <text>Clerk and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750861">
              <text>Research Activities (Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University) 21 (1999)</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 23 (175)</text>
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                <text>Eating Griselda</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750857">
                <text>Assesses Griselda of ClT in light of the folkloric tradition of the "Chichevache," said to have eaten ideal wives in medieval Europe. Includes visual representations of the legendary beast and describes the relations of ClT to its sources.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750858">
                <text>In Japanese.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750844">
              <text>Somerset, Fiona.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750845">
              <text>Studies in the Age of Chaucer 21: 187-207,   1999.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750846">
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              <text>Summoner and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Language and Word Studies.</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750850">
              <text>Studies in the Age of Chaucer 21 (1999)</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750851">
              <text>jules SAC 23 (174)</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750843">
                <text>'As just as is a squyre' : The Politics of 'Lewed Translacion' in Chaucer's Summoner's Tale</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750847">
                <text>SumT reflects contemporary controversy about the loss of clerical prerogative. The translation of Latin to English in the Tale, as well as its transfer of clerical authority and power to the laity, indicates Chaucer's lampooning of the posturing of the clergy in ways that go beyond contemporary Wycliffite critiques (e.g., Dialogue between a Secular and a Friar and Dialogue between a Clerk and a Knight).</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750835">
              <text>Olson, Glending.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750836">
              <text>Studies in the Age of Chaucer 21: 209-45,   1999.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750837">
              <text>1999</text>
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              <text>Summoner and His Tale.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750840">
              <text>Studies in the Age of Chaucer 21 (1999)</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 23 (173)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750834">
                <text>The End of The Summoner's Tale and the Uses of Pentecost</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Explores a variety of practices and meanings associated with Pentecost in Chaucer's time as context for a nuanced understanding of responses to SumT, especially its ending, which parodies the feast. In addition to traditional iconography, dramatic stagings of Pentecost, along with Lollard criticism of liturgical practice and iconology, help us to understand how the ending "extend[s] and complicate[s]" the "antifraternalism" of the Tale.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750826">
              <text>Harper, Stephen.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750827">
              <text>Notes and Queries 244: 12-14,   1999.</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750828">
              <text>1999</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750830">
              <text>Summoner and His Tale.</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750831">
              <text>Notes and Queries 244 (1999)</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750832">
              <text>jules SAC 23 (172)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750825">
                <text>The Summoner's Jankyn as an Artificial Fool</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2750829">
                <text>Assesses the squire Jankyn in light of the tradition of the court fool whose role is to dispute wittily with his lord.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750816">
              <text>Whitaker, Muriel A.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750817">
              <text>Chaucer Review 34: 174-89,   1999.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750818">
              <text>1999</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750820">
              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750821">
              <text>Chaucer's Life.</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750822">
              <text>Chaucer Review 34 (1999)</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750823">
              <text>jules SAC 23 (189)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750815">
                <text>The Chaucer Chest and the Pardoner's Tale : Didacticism in Narrative Art</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750819">
                <text>Did Chaucer commission the chest in the London Museum with scenes from PardT? The poet could have supervised its adherence to the literary source and added the hunting fox as a symbol for the Pardoner. He might have chosen the cheaper elm rather than a more expensive wood, and he would have appreciated the irony of keeping coins in a box that expressly condemned cupidity.</text>
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          </element>
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              <text>Wada, Yoko.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750808">
              <text>Hisayuki Sasamoto et al., eds. Hearts to the English-American Language and Literature: Essays Presented to Emeritus Professor Sutezo Hirose in Honour of His 88th Birthday (Osaka: Osaka Kyoiku Tosho, 1999), pp. 209-20 (in Japanese).</text>
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              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 23 (188)</text>
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                <text>Swears 'By St. So-and-So' : The Pardoner Cut into Pieces</text>
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                <text>Assesses the swearing by St. Ronyon in PardP and explores its dark ironies.</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750798">
              <text>Thomas, Susanne Sara.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750799">
              <text>Mediaevalia 22: 133-47,   1998.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750800">
              <text>1998</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750802">
              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750803">
              <text>Mediaevalia 22 (1998)</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750804">
              <text>jules SAC 23 (187)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750797">
                <text>Textual Exhibitionism : The Pardoner's Affirmation of Text Over Context</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750801">
                <text>The Pardoner masks his questionable oral and sexual potency by conspicuously exhibiting his "bulles" and using them to assert power. These documents remain valid despite their dissonance with the spiritual nature of the Pardoner. PardT demonstrates late-medieval anxiety about the increasing dependence on written documents or on text vs. context.</text>
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  <item itemId="267042" public="1" featured="0">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750788">
              <text>Reiff, Raychel Haugrud.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750789">
              <text>Explicator 57.4: 195-97,   1999.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750790">
              <text>1999</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750792">
              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750793">
              <text>Language and Word Studies.</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750794">
              <text>Explicator 57.4 (1999)</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750795">
              <text>jules SAC 23 (186)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750787">
                <text>Chaucer's The Pardoner's Tale, 855-58</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2750791">
                <text>In PardT, the youngest thief's use of "capouns" rather than "hennes" or "coks" functions both realistically, as an indicator of the value of the chickens, and symbolically, as a reminder of the sterility of the Pardoner.</text>
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  <item itemId="267041" public="1" featured="0">
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750779">
              <text>Page, Colleen Barcel.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750780">
              <text>Dissertation Abstracts International 60: 1124-25A,   1999.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750781">
              <text>1999</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750783">
              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750784">
              <text>Dissertation Abstracts International 60 (1999)</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750785">
              <text>jules SAC 23 (185)</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750778">
                <text>Arts of Letter-Writing, Literature, and Social Practice in Medieval England</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2750782">
                <text>The medieval "ars dictaminis" evolved from fusion of rhetorical theory and letter-writing practice. Though originally an all-male art, epistolary form eventually became accessible to women. Examines PardT and other works.</text>
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  <item itemId="267040" public="1" featured="0">
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750767">
              <text>Dinshaw, Carolyn.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750768">
              <text>Carolyn Dinshaw. Getting Medieval: Sexualities and Communities, Pre- and Postmodern (Durham, N.C., and London: Duke University Press, 1999), pp. 100-142.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750769">
              <text>1999</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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          <name>Alternative Title</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750770">
              <text>Getting Medieval: Sexualities and Communities, Pre- and Postmodern.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750772">
              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750773">
              <text>General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750774">
              <text>Cook and His Tale.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750775">
              <text>Wife of Bath and Her Tale.</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750776">
              <text>jules SAC 23 (184)</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750766">
                <text>Good Vibrations : John/Eleanor, Dame Alys, the Pardoner, and Foucault</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750771">
                <text>Explores how the Pardoner and his interruption of WBP challenge the heteronormativity of CT. The opening lines of GP and WBT establish a heterosexual norm that the presence of the Pardoner challenges by making clear the constructed and contestable nature of the norm, a challenge similar to Lollard heterodoxy. Observes similarities between CkT and a London record of a cross-dressing prostitute; argues that fiction and archives can together be used to construct a queer history, important to a queer future.</text>
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  <item itemId="267039" public="1" featured="0">
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750757">
              <text>Bullough, Vern L.,with Gwen Whitehead Brewer.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750758">
              <text>Jacqueline Murray, ed. Conflicted Identities and Multiple Masculinities: Men in the Medieval West. Garland Medieval Casebooks, no. 25; Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, no. 2078 (New York and London: Garland, 1999), pp. 93-110.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750759">
              <text>1999</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750760">
              <text>Conflicted Identities and Multiple Masculinities: Men in the Medieval West.</text>
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        <element elementId="112">
          <name>Contributor</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750761">
              <text>Murray, Jacqueline,ed.</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750763">
              <text>Pardoner and His Tale.</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750764">
              <text>jules SAC 23 (183)</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2750756">
                <text>Medieval Masculinities and Modern Interpretations : The Problem of the Pardoner</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750762">
                <text>By making the Pardoner offensive, Chaucer "established a negative stereotype of the effeminate male in Western literature." Modern critical tradition perpetuates the negative stereotype, often ignoring the fact that the Canterbury society tolerates the Pardoner.</text>
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  <item itemId="267038" public="1" featured="0">
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750747">
              <text>Prior, Sandra Pierson.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750748">
              <text>Cindy L. Carlson and Angela Jane Weisl, eds. Constructions of Widowhood and Virginity in the Middle Ages (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), pp. 165-80.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750749">
              <text>1999</text>
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        <element elementId="108">
          <name>Alternative Title</name>
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              <text>Physician and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 23 (182)</text>
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                <text>Virginity and Sacrifice in Chaucer's 'Physician's Tale'</text>
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                <text>PhyT combines several conflicting ideas of virginity: its role in confronting the "ritualized violence of sacrifice," its emphasis on "bodily wholeness," and its "figuration of innocence and purity." In comparison with its sources, PhyT emphasizes sacrifice and points up the violence inherent in it.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750737">
              <text>Walker, Warren S.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750738">
              <text>Chaucer Review 33: 432-37,   1999.</text>
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          <name>Date</name>
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              <text>1999</text>
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              <text>Franklin and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 33 (1999)</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750744">
              <text>jules SAC 23 (181)</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750736">
                <text>Extant Analogues of the Franklin's Tale in the Turkish Oral Tradition</text>
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                <text>Turkish tales that parallel the folkloric formula at the end of FranT-"Which was the noblest act?"-generally treat who is the most ignoble. So many Turkish stories fall into this category that Chaucer's Knight may have "previewed a performance" during one of his military campaigns.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Author / Editor</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750728">
              <text>Weinhouse, Linda.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750729">
              <text>Medieval Encounters 5: 391-408,   1999.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750730">
              <text>1999</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750732">
              <text>Prioress and Her Tale.</text>
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        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750733">
              <text>Medieval  Encounters: Jewish, Christian and Muslim Culture in Confluence and Dialogue 05 (1999)</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750734">
              <text>jules SAC 23 (198)</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750727">
                <text>Faith and Fantasy: The Texts of the Jews</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2750731">
                <text>In PrT, as in much canonical medieval literature, Jews are largely voiceless and depicted as vile. The lamentations, or "kinot," of Hebrew liturgical poets who mourn the Jewish victims of the crusades record the voices of medieval Jews. The imagery and motifs of the kinot are often ironically reminiscent of PrT, including concern with mother/child relations, with study, with defilement, etc.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750719">
              <text>Hobbs, Kathleen M.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750720">
              <text>Cindy L. Carlson and Angela Jane Weisl, eds. Constructions of Widowhood and Virginity in the Middle Ages (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), pp. 181-98.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750721">
              <text>1999</text>
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        <element elementId="108">
          <name>Alternative Title</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750722">
              <text>Constructions of Widowhood and Virginity in the Middle Ages.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750724">
              <text>Prioress and Her Tale.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750725">
              <text>jules SAC 23 (197)</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2750718">
                <text>Blood and Rosaries : Virginity, Violence, and Desire in Chaucer's 'Prioress's Tale'</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2750723">
                <text>Although women and Jews were "equivalent others" in medieval orthodoxy, the doctrine of Mary's perpetual virginity enabled the Church to sever the "historical ties between Christianity and Judaism" and to "exalt itself as a fixed and timeless institution." PrT reflects its narrator's frustration with her constrained role in the Church, contributing simultaneously to the Church's claim to absolute truth.</text>
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  <item itemId="267034" public="1" featured="0">
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750709">
              <text>Godfrey, Mary F.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750710">
              <text>Thomas A. Prendergast and Barbara Kline, eds. Rewriting Chaucer: Culture, Authority, and the Idea of the Authentic Text, 1400-1602 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999), pp. 93-115.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750711">
              <text>1999</text>
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        <element elementId="108">
          <name>Alternative Title</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750712">
              <text>Rewriting Chaucer: Culture, Authority, and the Idea of the Authentic Text, 1400-1602.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750714">
              <text>Prioress and Her Tale.</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750715">
              <text>Manuscripts and Textual Studies.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750716">
              <text>jules SAC 23 (196)</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750708">
                <text>The Fifteenth-Century Prioress's Tale and the Problem of Anti-Semitism</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750713">
                <text>PrT is anthologized apart from CT in three fifteenth-century manuscripts (Harley 1704, 2251, and 2382) that indicate that the Jews of the Tale were mere "stock villains of Marian legends." The manuscripts (variants and glosses) provide no evidence that PrT was thought to vilify Jews in any particular way.</text>
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  <item itemId="267033" public="1" featured="0">
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750700">
              <text>Gaynor, Stephanie.</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750701">
              <text>Medieval Encounters 5: 375-90,   1999.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750702">
              <text>1999</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2750704">
              <text>Prioress and Her Tale.</text>
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        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750705">
              <text>Medieval  Encounters: Jewish, Christian and Muslim Culture in Confluence and Dialogue 05 (1999)</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2750706">
              <text>jules SAC 23 (195)</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750699">
                <text>He Says, She Says : Subjectivity and the Discourse of the Other in the Prioress's Portrait and Tale</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2750703">
                <text>Examines an "uncanny chain of othering" whereby the GP description of the Prioress, the PrP, and PrT associate the Prioress with Jews through imagery of sensuality and filth. Also explores how this association reflects the "fears and fantasies" of dominant, male Christian attempts--and failures--to define self against these others.</text>
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