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              <text>Nault, Clifford A., Jr.</text>
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Manuscripts and Textual Studies</text>
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                <text>"Foure and Twenty Yer" Again.</text>
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                <text>Reinforces suggestions that the Black Knight's age at BD 455 should be emended to "nine and twenty yer" to coincide with the age of John of Gaunt at Blanche's death, justifiable because of evidence that twenty-nine years was considered to be young in "The Parlement of the Thre Ages."</text>
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              <text>Nathan, Norman.</text>
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              <text>Modern Language Quarterly 17 (1956): 39-42.</text>
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Friar and His Tale</text>
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                <text>Records Chaucer's consistent and conventional usage of "ye" and "thou" in FrT, showing how it achieves "irony and humor." Attends to manuscript variants and opines that "that the English language lost something by the abandonment of the singular form of the pronoun of address."</text>
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              <text>Mroczkowski, Przemysław.</text>
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              <text>Wydawnictwa Towarzystwa Naukowego Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, no. 12.</text>
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Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations&#13;
Chaucer's Life</text>
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                <text>Opowieści Kanterberyjskie na Tle Epoki. [The Canterbury Tales and Their Age]</text>
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                <text>Describes and assesses the CT, with chapters on social and intellectual backgrounds, Chaucer's life, his use of pilgrimage and frame tale conventions, GP, and each of the individual tales, following the Ellesmere order. Discussions of individual tales emphasize the characterization of the narrators and their conflicts with other pilgrims, genres, sources, and various social and moral concerns. Includes a descriptive summary in English (pp. 435-41), a bibliography, and an index</text>
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              <text>Mitchell, Edward R.</text>
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              <text>Knight and His Tale&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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                <text>Considers the two "observances" of May ritual in KnT (Emelye's at 1.1041-45 and Arcite's at 1491-1512), neither found in Boccaccio's "Teseide," identifying various French analogues that may have inspired Chaucer, while noting that he may also have witnessed such activities himself.</text>
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              <text>Philological Quarterly 35 (1956): 215-17.</text>
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Language and Word Studies</text>
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              <text>mea; 12/9/2024</text>
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                <text>Sir Thopas' "Charbocle."</text>
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                <text>Suggests that "charbocle" (carbuncle) in Th 7.871 may refer, not to part of the charge on Thopas' shield, but to his sword, with a jewel on its pommel.</text>
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              <text>Matthews, William.</text>
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Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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                <text>Eustache Deschamps and Chaucer's "Merchant's Tale."</text>
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                <text>Identifies a ballade by Eustache Deschamps (number 880: "Que diriez vous du froit mois de Janvier") as an analogue, possibly a source, of several details in MerT.</text>
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>mea; 12/9/2024</text>
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              <text>1956</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Dreamer Once More.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2851955">
                <text>Characterizes the dreamer of BD as consistently stupid, a "nonpareil of dullwittedness"-- technically, psychologically, and allegorically.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Lumiansky, R. M.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>TSE: Tulane Studies in English 06 (1956): 5-13.</text>
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              <text>TSE: Tulane Studies in English 06 (1956)</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
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              <text>Canterbury Tales--General&#13;
Parson and His Tale&#13;
Chaucer's Retraction</text>
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              <text>mea; 12/9/2024</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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              <elementText elementTextId="2846688">
                <text>Chaucer's Retraction and the Degree of Completeness of the Canterbury Tales.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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              <elementText elementTextId="2846689">
                <text>Argues that a "shift to extreme piety" in ParsPT and Ret had "nothing to do with" Chaucer's "general plan" for CT, which the poet considered to be "a nearly complete work." Considers evidence of changes in Chaucer's plan and justifies them largely in terms of his "dramatic method," addressing "seventeen successive passages which refer to [and indicate ongoing changes in] the general scheme proposed by the Host for the trip."</text>
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              <text>Lumiansky, R. M. </text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2846683">
              <text>Journal of English and Germanic Philology 55 (1956): 431-38.</text>
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        <element elementId="100">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2846684">
              <text>Journal of English and Germanic Philology 55 (1956)</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2846685">
              <text>General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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              <text>mea; 12/9/2024</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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                <text>Benoit's Portraits and Chaucer's General Prologue.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2846681">
                <text>Suggests that the "portraits" of Trojan war heroes and heroines in Benoit de Ste Maure's "Roman de Troie" are carefully individuated and arranged, and that Chaucer's "literary techniques" in the "sketches" of GP are similar to Benoit's in several ways: combination of "physical and temperamental traits," purposeful arrangement into groups, preparation for future speech or action, "conversational" framework, and the likeness of the Knight/Squire juxtaposition to that of Hector/Troilus.</text>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2846674">
              <text>Linney, Romulus.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2846675">
              <text>In Norman Bailey, Romulus Linney, and Dominick Cascio. Radio Classics (Minneapolis: Burgess, 1956), pp. 102-09.</text>
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              <text>Radio Classics.</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846677">
              <text>Wife of Bath and Her Tale&#13;
Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations&#13;
Recordings and Films</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846678">
              <text>mea; 12/9/2023</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846679">
              <text>1956</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2846672">
                <text>"The Wife of Bath's Tale: From the Canterbury Tales of Geoffrey Chaucer."</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2846673">
                <text>Adaptation of WBT in archaized modern English prose as a script for presentation as a radio drama, with seven characters (King, Queen, The Young Knight, Old Woman, 1st Woman, 2nd Woman, and Wife of Bath as voice-over narrator). Duration: "Approximately 15 Minutes." Includes recurrent suggestions for laughter, background noises, and music; omits gentility speech.</text>
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  <item itemId="276800" public="1" featured="0">
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2846666">
              <text>Lawlor, John.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846667">
              <text>Speculum 31 (1956): 626-48.</text>
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        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846668">
              <text>Speculum 31 (1956)</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846669">
              <text>Book of the Duchess&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846670">
              <text>mea; 12/9/2024</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846671">
              <text>1956</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2851953">
                <text>Argues that, modifying poems by Machaut to establish the narrator of BD as a comic, "doctrinaire" servant of love, Chaucer reveals how such a perspective is inadequate to "experience the experience . . . of perfection itself." The Dreamer learns of the Black Knight's loss of perfect, "fulfilled love" and is reduced to stunned pity, a complex elegiac move that conveys consolation rather than merely counselling it. Rejects the notion that courtly love necessarily entails adulterous passion.</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2851954">
                <text>The Pattern of Consolation in "The Book of the Duchess."</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="276799" public="1" featured="0">
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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          </elementContainer>
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      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Author / Editor</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846658">
              <text>Kleinstück, Johannes.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846659">
              <text>Archiv für das Studium der Neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 193 (1956): 1-14.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846660">
              <text>Archiv für das Studium der Neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 193 (1956)</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846661">
              <text>Troilus and Criseyde&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846662">
              <text>mea; 12/9/2024</text>
            </elementText>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846663">
              <text>1956</text>
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        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2846656">
                <text>Chaucers "Troilus" und die Höfische Liebe.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2846657">
                <text>Argues that TC is a psychological "novel" insofar as it explores how the lovers' uses of courtly language and conventions disguise their "urgent sensuality" ("drängende Sinnlichkeit"), even from themselves. Compares and contrasts Chaucer's and Boccaccio's versions to show how the English poet amplifies Troilus's and Criseyde's dependency on Pandarus and on the contingencies of Fortune.</text>
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          </element>
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  <item itemId="276798" public="1" featured="0">
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          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="24">
      <name>ChaucerItem2</name>
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      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Author / Editor</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846649">
              <text>Jud-Schmid, Elisabeth.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846650">
              <text>Bern: A. Francke, 1956.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="99">
          <name>Physical Description</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846651">
              <text>126 pp.</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846652">
              <text>Language and Word Studies</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846653">
              <text>mea; 12/9/2024</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846654">
              <text>1956</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="104">
          <name>Series</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846655">
              <text>Schweizer Anglistische Arbeiten / Swiss Studies in English, no. 39.</text>
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        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2846647">
                <text>Der Indefinite Agens von Chaucer bis Shakespeare: Die Wörter und Wendungen für "Man."</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2851952">
                <text>Analyzes the grammar and usage of the "man" and related locutions that convey independent agency in late Middle English and Early Modern English, considering pronouns, modals, and passive verbal forms as well as "man" and other generalized nouns. Uses examples from Bo, Rom, GP, KnT, and MilT, as well as works by writers other than Chaucer.</text>
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          </element>
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                <text>What is "Chaucer's Borrow"?</text>
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                <text>Seeks advice in understanding the phrase "Chaucer's borrow" which appears Sir Nicholas H. Nicholas's "Memoirs of the Life and Times of Sir Christopher Hatton" (1847), where it is quoted from a letter to Hatton from William Dodington. Clarifies the context and posits that "borrow" may be a mistake for "barrow" and that the phrase could possibly refer to either Geoffrey or Thomas Chaucer. See the Reply by M. H. Dodds, Notes and Queries 201 (1956): 317-18.</text>
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              <text>[Tokyo]: Hokuseido, 1956. Rpt. Norwood, PA: Norwood Editions, 1975.</text>
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              <text>Troilus and Criseyde&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations&#13;
Style and Versification</text>
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1975</text>
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                <text>Troilus and Criseyde: Studies in Interpretation.</text>
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                <text>Praises the art and skill of Chaucer's adaptations of sources and literary conventions in creating TC, comparing and contrasting the plot and characterizations of the work with those of a full range of its "literary progenitors" and exploring Chaucer's innovative transformations of the style and rhetoric of interpolated songs and letters, his dexterity with atmosphere and character psychology, and his uses of courtly conventions. Pays particular attention to Criseyde's laughter and Chaucer's admiration of her, the literary history of Diomedes, and Troilus's subjugation to the paradoxes of love. Reads much of the poem as expressing Chaucer's own views.</text>
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              <text>Hollander, John.</text>
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              <text>Modern Language Notes 71.6 (1956): 397-99.</text>
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              <text>Modern Language Notes 71 (1956)</text>
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              <text>Boece&#13;
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          <element elementId="50">
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              <elementText elementTextId="2846607">
                <text>"Moedes or Prolaciouns" in Chaucer's "Boece."</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Suggests that the insertion of "prolaciouns" in Bo 2.pr.1 was intended as a technical clarification of the preceding "moedes," potentially misleading to English readers who could read it as either "mood" or "mode." The insertion may evince the musical sophistication of Chaucer or, perhaps, of the English author of a translation pony Chaucer may have used.</text>
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              <text>Herdan, G.</text>
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              <text>Language: Journal of the Linguistic Society of America 32.2 (1956): 254-59. </text>
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              <text>Language: Journal of the Linguistic Society of America 32 (1956)</text>
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              <text>Treatise on the Astrolabe&#13;
Language and Word Studies</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2846606">
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                <text>Chaucer's Authorship of the "Equatorie of the Planetis": The Use of Romance Vocabulary as Evidence.</text>
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                <text>Tabulates the percentage of romance words in the works of Chaucer against the overall length of these works, suggesting that, in terms of its romance vocabulary, Equat "is to be regarded as a work by Chaucer." Establishes a logarithmic formula for these calculations and includes statistical comparison with other writers, such as Gower, Mandeville, Shakespeare, and Milton.</text>
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              <text>Austin: University of Texas, 1956.</text>
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              <text>xviii, 159 pp.; 12 b&amp;w and 1 color illus.</text>
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              <text>Style and Versification&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations&#13;
Romaunt of the Rose&#13;
Parliament of Fowls&#13;
Nun's Priest and His Tale&#13;
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              <text>mea; 12/5/2024</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2846598">
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>They Tell of Birds: Chaucer, Spenser, Milton, Drayton.</text>
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                <text>Describes birds mentioned by four English poets, one chapter apiece. An opening chapter surveys classical backgrounds for zoological and interpretive ornithology, along with the uses of birds in medieval encyclopedias. The Chaucer chapter addresses bird-lists and birds in Rom, PF, and NPT, with attention to sources, moral implications of bird imagery, and Chaucer's development as an artist. Includes an Index to Birds Named by Chaucer, Spenser, Milton, and Drayton.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Harder, Kelsie B.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Modern Language Quarterly 17 (1956): 193-98.</text>
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              <text>Modern Language Quarterly 17 (1956)</text>
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              <text>Miller and His Tale&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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              <text>mea; 12/5/2024</text>
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        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2846583">
                <text>Chaucer's Use of the Mystery Plays in the "Miller's Tale."</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2852096">
                <text>Identifies sources for a number of instances in MilT where Chaucer parodies, ridicules, or alludes to mystery plays--most evident in the characterizations of the Miller and Absolon as influenced by stage-versions of Pilate and/or Herod and the parody of a Noah play in the "carpenter episode."</text>
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  <item itemId="276789" public="1" featured="0">
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Author / Editor</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846577">
              <text>Giffin, Mary.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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              <text>Quebec: Les Éditions "L'Éclair," 1956.</text>
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        <element elementId="99">
          <name>Physical Description</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846579">
              <text>127 pp.; 7 illus.</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846580">
              <text>Style and Versification&#13;
Second Nun and Her Tale&#13;
Parliament of Fowls&#13;
Man of Law and His Tale&#13;
Chaucer's Complaint to His Purse&#13;
Troilus and Criseyde</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>mea; 12/5/2024</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846582">
              <text>1956</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2846575">
                <text>Studies on Chaucer and His Audience.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2846576">
                <text>Includes four chapters, each devoted to a single poem as addressed on a particular occasion and/or to a particular audience, considered in light of rhetorical traditions, genre expectations, oral concerns, and sources: 1) SNT on the occasion of a royal visit to Norwich Cathedral Priory, perhaps to "recognize the nomination of Adam Easton as cardinal priest of Santa Cecilia in Travestere"; 2) PF as, at least in part, a response to the "Pavo" of Jordanus of Osnabruck and designed for an oral audience; 3) MLT, addressed to merchants, commemorating Constance of Castile, ca. 1382 or 1383, about the same time as SNT; and 4) Purse, and the political implications of referring to Henry IV as "conquerour of Brutes Albyoun," a name for England Chaucer uses nowhere else. The Introduction to the volume includes commentary on features of orality in TC and other poems.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846569">
              <text>Frank, Robert Worth, Jr.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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              <text>PMLA 71 (1956): 530-39.</text>
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        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2846572">
              <text>Parliament of Fowls&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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              <text>mea; 12/5/2024</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846574">
              <text>1956</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2846567">
                <text>Structure and Meaning in the "Parlement of Foules."</text>
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                <text>Argues that, although derived from differing sources, the three parts of PF--the prelude, the garden of love, and the debate--are unified in their presentation of three perspectives on love. Framed as a conventional love vision, the poem juxtaposes a stern, moralistic view of love, an exalted, courtly one, and a natural, "realistic" one. Together, the three provide a gentle "comedy of attitudes" that testifies to the power of love and the inadequacy of any single view of it.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2846561">
              <text>Frank, Joseph.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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              <text>Notes and Queries 201 (1956): 298.</text>
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        <element elementId="100">
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Notes and Queries 201 (1956)</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2846564">
              <text>Chaucer's Influence and Later Allusion</text>
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              <text>mea; 12/5/2024</text>
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846566">
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>An Early Newspaper Reference to Chaucer.</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2846560">
                <text>Identifies a politically cautious reference to CT in the "opening lines" of the "Kingdomes Weekly Intelligence," no. 241, "covering the week of Dec. 28, 1647, to Jan. 4, 1648.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Eliason, Norman E.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2846554">
              <text>Modern Language Notes 71.3 (1956): 162-64.</text>
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        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Modern Language Notes 71 (1956)</text>
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              <text>Style and Versification&#13;
Reeve and His Tale&#13;
Clerk and His Tale</text>
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846558">
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                <text>Some Word-Play in Chaucer's Reeve's Tale.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Suggests that the pun on "hooly" in RvT 1.3983-84 as "holy" and wholly" encourages us to also see further word-play in the tale: "panne" as "penny" at 1.3944 and "allye" as "alloy" at 1.3945, both related to recognizing the connotations of "bras" as counterfeit at 1.3944. Adduces brass as alloy and counterfeit in ClT 4.1167-69</text>
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