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              <text>Saito, Isamu.</text>
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              <text>Main Current: Extra Number in Memory of Professor Toichiro Ohta (Kyoto, 1982): 220-36.</text>
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              <text>General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales.</text>
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              <text>Main Current: Extra Number in Memory of Professor Toichiro Ohta (Kyoto, 1982)</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 07 (136)</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Realism and His Character Portrayal</text>
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                <text>Examines to what extent Chaucer's promise in GP to describe each pilgrim "so as it semed" to him is fulfilled.  Character portrayals are not illustrative, like Langland's, but representative.</text>
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                <text>In Japanese.</text>
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              <text>Dean, James M</text>
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              <text>James M. Dean, ed. Geoffrey Chaucer (Ipswich, Mass.: Salem Press, 2017), pp. 128-43.</text>
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              <text>Geoffrey Chaucer: Critical Insights Series</text>
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              <text>SAC 41:127</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Reality Fiction.</text>
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                <text>Focuses on Chaucer's storytelling style, which combines fiction, invention of literary characters that bring in "details and personalities from 'life,' " and metafictive narrative elements.</text>
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              <text>Quinn, William A.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 43 (2008): 171-96.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 43 (2008).</text>
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              <text>vxl SAC 32:293.</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Recital Presence in the House of Fame and the Embodiment of Authority</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's interest throughout HF in the nature of phantoms--from dreams to spirits of the dead--ultimately reflects a single "immediate concern: the survival of his rehearsal of the dream in script, that is, the translation of his voice into our text."</text>
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              <text>Johnston, Alexandra F.</text>
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              <text>Records of Early English Drama Newsletter 13:2 (1988), 13-20.</text>
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              <text>Miller and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>Wife of Bath and Her Tale.</text>
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              <text>Background and General Criticism.</text>
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              <text>mea</text>
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                <text>Allusions in MilT and WBP help date the mystery plays.  Despite the paucity of archival records, Chaucer's allusions clarify contemporary familiarity with the plays and their production.</text>
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              <text>Smith, Charles R.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Review 30 (1995): 101-06.</text>
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              <text>Reeve and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 19 (1997) - 183</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Reeve and St. Paul's Old Man</text>
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                <text>The Reeve's four burning coals ("Avauntyng, liying, anger, covetise" (CT 1.3884) are taken from the description of the spiritual old man in Ephesians 4:22-28.</text>
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                <text>They serve to characterize not only the Reeve but also the four main characters in the tale, who, however young, are spiritually old men as well.</text>
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              <text>Shomura, Tetsuji.</text>
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              <text>Kumamoto: Kumamoto Gakuen University Foreign Affairs Research Center, 2003.</text>
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              <text>178 pp.</text>
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              <text>vxl SAC 27:189</text>
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                <text>Examines RvT, considering such matters as its construction and function as a Tale, its moral, and its sources.</text>
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              <text>Hart, Paxton.</text>
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              <text>Interpretations 14.1 (1982): 1-10.</text>
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                <text>Despite belittling remarks by some of his characters about the matter of composing in English, there is no evidence that Chaucer himself is embarrassed to use English as his medium of composition.</text>
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              <text>Quinn, William A.</text>
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              <text>Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1994.</text>
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              <text>x, 253 pp.</text>
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              <text>Legend of Good Women.</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Rehersynges: The Performability of 'The Legend of Good Women'</text>
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                <text>Explores the humor and "tonal delights" of LGW, examining the poem as a script for oral performance; argues that the F version was written for oral presentation; the G version, a revision, for manuscript publication.</text>
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                <text>Quinn reads each of the legends for "pseudo-sacrilegious" humor, considering relations to sources, rhetorical embellishments, and comic themes.  He conjectures about emphases Chaucer may have employed in performance and explores the comic range of the legends, from slapstick to "smarmy cynicism."  Quinn concludes by examining how KnT, PhyT, and SNT preserve "significant manifestations of Chaucer's own rehearsals."</text>
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              <text>Muscatine, Charles.</text>
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              <text>Ruth Morse and Barry Windeatt, eds.  Chaucer Traditions: Studies in Honour of Derek Brewer (Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 249-62.</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Traditions: Studies in Honour of Derek Brewer.</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Religion and the Chaucer Religion</text>
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                <text>Posits that "different ages or cultures do not so much misread a great text (from a different time or place) as make from it special abstractions, acutely suited to their particular concerns."  At midcentury, the twentieth-century reception of Chaucer as realist was overlaid with interest in Chaucer's ambiguity and irony; "the religious, almost puritanical Chaucer" also emerged. This element is new in the Chaucer tradition, and "it is peculiarly difficult to connect to late-twentieth-century sensibility."</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Richmond, Velma Bourgeois.</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Religiosity and a Twentieth-Century Analogue, Muriel Spark</text>
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                <text>Modern discussions of Chaucer and Spark deemphasize the clear religious strains in their fictions.  The grotesque, the absurd, and the aberrant are present in both as worldly flaws requiring divine transcendence.</text>
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              <text>Knight, Stephen.</text>
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              <text>Gregory Kratzmann and James Simpson, eds. Medieval English Religious and Ethical Literature (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1986), pp. 156-66.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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              <text>1986</text>
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              <text>Medieval English Religious and Ethical Literature.</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 10 (113)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2712245">
                <text>As early as the fifteenth century, two views of CT prevailed: (1) the entire CT is a religious work, and (2) only ClT, PrT, MLT, MkT, ParsT, and SNT are religious.  In arguing the first position, Knight addresses difficulties arising from the Hengwrt order by proposing an overarching quadripartite structure.  GP and Ret reinforce the religious purpose of the entire CT.</text>
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              <text>Mahameed, Mohammed, and Al-Quran Raji.</text>
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              <text>Nebula 8.1 (2011): 199-208.</text>
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Book of the Duchess&#13;
Troilus and Criseyde&#13;
Legend of Good Women&#13;
Canterbury Tales--General</text>
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                <text>Asserts that details of astrology, astronomy, and mythology in BD, TC, and CT evince Chaucer's confused and skeptical views of Christianity, commenting on passages from LGW and CT. Available at http://nobleworld.biz/images/Mohammed_Raji.pdf (last accessed October 1, 2018). </text>
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              <text>Pearsall, Derek.</text>
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              <text>1990</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Religious Tales : A Question of Genre</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's religious tales (Mel, ParsT, ClT, MLT, PrT, SNT, PhyT, MkT) are "predicated upon the assumption that the significance of human life is the transcending of its secular limitation through Christian faith."  The only tales in CT not written in pentameter couplets, these tales have been systematically  marginalized to "relieve" Chaucer "of full responsibility for tales that the modern reader has little taste for."</text>
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              <text>Robinson, Ian.</text>
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              <text>Critical Review (Melbourne) 10 (1967): 18-32.</text>
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              <text>Clerk and His Tale&#13;
Prioress and Her Tale&#13;
Man of Law and His Tale&#13;
Style and Versification</text>
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              <text>mea; 4/2/2018</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2818982">
              <text>1967</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Religious Tales.</text>
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                <text>Comments on the sentimental charm of PrT that conflicts with its narrator's "hatred of the Jews," and upon the combination of "touching sentiment" and "mechanical" rhetoric in MLT. Then considers the "poignant emotion" and pathos of ClT as they help to convey clearly and effectively the "Christian patience" that is the Clerk's "doctrine."</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2705666">
              <text>Dean, James.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Chaucer Review 24 (1989): 64-76.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>1989</text>
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              <text>Chaucer's Retraction.</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2705671">
              <text>Chaucer Review 24 (1989)</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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              <text>jules SAC 13 (194)</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Repentance: A Likely Story</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2705669">
                <text>The unadorned, unironic ParsT is what Chaucer wanted for the ending to CT.  The Ricardian pattern of sickness, pilgrimage, and penitence shows why Thomas Gascoigne's narrative of Chaucer's deathbed retraction of his writings is a likely story, or not as unlikely as it might first appear.</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2732539">
              <text>Lancashire, Ian.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2732540">
              <text>Robert Taylor, James F. Burke, Patricia J. Eberle, Ian Lancashire, and Brian S. Merrilees, eds. The Centre and Its Compass: Studies in Medieval Literature in Honor of Professor John Leyerle (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 1993), pp. 315-65.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2732541">
              <text>1993</text>
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        <element elementId="108">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2732542">
              <text>The Centre and Its Compass: Studies in Medieval Literature in Honor of Professor John Leyerle.</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2732544">
              <text>Language and Word Studies.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2732545">
              <text>General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2732546">
              <text>jules SAC 17 (143)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2732538">
                <text>Chaucer's Repetends from the General Prologue of 'The Canterbury Tales'</text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2732543">
                <text>Lancashire uses computer-assisted analysis to tabulate recurring words and phrases in Chaucer's writings.  The frequency and patterns of repeated words and their collocations identify Chaucer's preoccupations, distinctive features of his writing and methods of composition, and evidence for the chronology of his works.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2707160">
              <text>Redwine, Bruce.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="98">
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2707161">
              <text>Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 89 (1988): 312-19.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2707162">
              <text>1988</text>
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              <text>Background and General Criticism.</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2707165">
              <text>Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 89 (1988).</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 12 (103).</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Representations of Posture</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2707163">
                <text>Favorable descriptions of persons in heroic writings generally emphasize gross size, erect posture, and directness in approach, whereas courtly texts, such as Chaucer's, represent largeness as unattractive or unrefined.  The latter clearly value humble bearing and indirection in both women and men.  Discusses TC, CT, and PF.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2805147">
              <text>Dorman, Peter J.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>DAI 32.10 (1972): 5734A</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2805149">
              <text>1972</text>
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          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2805151">
              <text>Chaucer's Influence and Later Allusion</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2805152">
              <text>Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations</text>
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        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2805153">
              <text>Dissertation Abstracts International 32 (1972)</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2805154">
              <text>mea; 11/21/2015 No SAC</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2805146">
                <text>Chaucer's Reputation in the Restoration and the Eighteenth Century</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2805150">
                <text>Describes Chaucer's reputation among critics, editors, modernizers, and linguists between 1660 and 1800.</text>
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  <item itemId="265918" public="1" featured="0">
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2739079">
              <text>Beidler, Peter G.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Chaucer Yearbook 2 (1995): 1-15.</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2739081">
              <text>1995</text>
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              <text>Chaucer Yearbook 02 (1995)</text>
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              <text>jules SAC 19 (1997) - 188</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Request for Money in the Man of Law's Prologue</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2739082">
                <text>Compares MLP to its source in Innocent III's "De miseria condicionis humane" and to "Purse" to argue that MLP was originally written for Chaucer to read before a group of merchants to ask for payment.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Author / Editor</name>
          <description/>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2696232">
              <text>Taylor, Karla.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2696233">
              <text>James M. Dean and Christian Zacher, eds.  The Idea of Medieval Literature: New Essays on Chaucer and Medieval Culture in Honor of Donald R. Howard (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1992), pp. 189-205.</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2696234">
              <text>1992</text>
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        <element elementId="108">
          <name>Alternative Title</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2696235">
              <text>Idea of Medieval Literature.</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2696237">
              <text>Merchant and His Tale.</text>
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              <text>mea</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Reticent Merchant</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2696236">
                <text>Reticence shapes the relations between narrator and audience in the Merchant's portrait in GP, where the importance of the unexpressed first surfaces, and in MerT.  The rhetorical figure of reticence depends on the reader's cooperation.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Madden, William A.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Mediaeval Studies 17 (1955): 173-84.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2851422">
              <text>Mediaeval Studies 17 (1955)</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Canterbury Tales--General&#13;
Tale of Sir Thopas&#13;
Tale of Melibee&#13;
Chaucer's Retraction</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
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              <text>mea; 11/14/2025</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2851425">
              <text>1955</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2851418">
                <text>Chaucer's Retraction and Mediaeval Canons of Seemliness.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2851419">
                <text>Distinguishes medieval and modern notions of "seemliness"--a sociological concern distinct from legality and morality--and clarifies medieval ideas of linguistic, sartorial, aesthetic, and marital propriety in CT, observing a "gap" between what is "seemly" and what is "morally acceptable" concerning marriage. Explores standards of seemliness as they are reflected in Th and Mel, in the views of other tales expressed by Chaucer-narrator, and in Ret.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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        <element elementId="110">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846690">
              <text>Lumiansky, R. M.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>TSE: Tulane Studies in English 06 (1956): 5-13.</text>
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        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Journal by Volume Number</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846692">
              <text>TSE: Tulane Studies in English 06 (1956)</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2846693">
              <text>Canterbury Tales--General&#13;
Parson and His Tale&#13;
Chaucer's Retraction</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Source</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2846694">
              <text>mea; 12/9/2024</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2846695">
              <text>1956</text>
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        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2846688">
                <text>Chaucer's Retraction and the Degree of Completeness of the Canterbury Tales.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2846689">
                <text>Argues that a "shift to extreme piety" in ParsPT and Ret had "nothing to do with" Chaucer's "general plan" for CT, which the poet considered to be "a nearly complete work." Considers evidence of changes in Chaucer's plan and justifies them largely in terms of his "dramatic method," addressing "seventeen successive passages which refer to [and indicate ongoing changes in] the general scheme proposed by the Host for the trip."</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="110">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2843003">
              <text>Coles, E. R.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>University of Portland Review 20.2 (1968): 35-41.</text>
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2843005">
              <text>University of Portland Review 20 (1968)</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2843006">
              <text>Chaucer's Retraction&#13;
Parson and His Tale</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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              <text>mea; 8/7/2023</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2843008">
              <text>1968</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Chaucer's Retraction and the Parson.</text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Comments on ParsT as a "literary embodiment of the attitude" the Parson expressed in the GP "as well as the attitude Chaucer reveals" in Ret, suggesting that "the Chaucer of the Retraction is also the Parson of the Tales, by means of whom he satisfies both his artistic and literary consciences."</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Gordon, James D.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Published</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2835065">
              <text>In MacEdward Leach, ed. Studies in Medieval Literature in Honor of Albert Croll Baugh (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1961), pp. 81-96.</text>
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              <text>Leach, MacEdward, ed.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2835067">
              <text>Studies in Medieval Literature in Honor of Albert Croll Baugh.</text>
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          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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              <text>Chaucer's Retractions&#13;
Parson and His Tale&#13;
Manuscripts and Textual Studies</text>
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              <text>mea; 9/10/21</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2835070">
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Chaucer's Retraction: A Review of Opinion.</text>
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                <text>Surveys critics' attempts to correlate Ret with Chaucer's poetic accomplishments, commenting on biographical surmises, textual issues, and thematic concerns such as the putative waning of Chaucer's acuity, clerical influence, the firm linking of Ret and ParsT in the manuscripts, the theme of penance, and/or rejection of worldly attachments. The authenticity of Ret is generally accepted in modern criticism and the poem may reflect Chaucer's "anxiety" or an unresolved tension between his ascetic and humanistic inclinations.</text>
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