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              <text>Broes, Arthur T.</text>
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              <text>PMLA 78 (1963): 156-62.</text>
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              <text>PMLA 78 (1963)</text>
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              <text>Nun's Priest and His Tale&#13;
Prioress and Her Tale&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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              <text>mea; 4/24/2020</text>
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              <text>1963</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Disgruntled Cleric: "The Nun's Priest's Tale."</text>
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                <text>Argues that the "artistic unity" of NPT is evident in "light of the [Nun's] Priest's personality," a man who is dissatisfied with "his position in life as a servant to a group of women." Differences between NPT and its source in the "Renart" tradition; characterizations of Chantecleer, Pertelote and the widow; and the so-called "digressions" of the Tale all are intended by the Nun's Priest to "embarrass the Prioress" or to "establish intellectual and moral superiority to her."</text>
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              <text>Boothman, Janet.</text>
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              <text>Thoth 4 (1963): 3-14.</text>
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              <text>Thoth 04 (1963)</text>
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              <text>Miller and His Tale&#13;
Merchant and His Tale</text>
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                <text>"Who Hath No Wyf, He Is No Cokewold": A Study of John and January in Chaucer's Miller's and Merchant's Tales.</text>
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                <text>Compares and contrasts John of MilT with January of MerT as "ridiculous figures" and "gulls of courtly love," the first "senex amans" naïve, the second lascivious. Both men violate "an existing societal order" and the ideals of "sexual propriety and moderation."</text>
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              <text>Biggins, Dennis.</text>
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              <text>English Studies 44 (1963): 278.</text>
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              <text>English Studies 44 (1963)</text>
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              <text>Summoner and His Tale</text>
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              <text>mea; 4/24/2020</text>
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              <text>1963</text>
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                <text>"Pulling Finches and Woodcocks": A Comment.</text>
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                <text>Comments on the ambiguity of the phrase "a finch eek koude he pulle," a detail in the GP description of the Summoner (CT 1.652).</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Biggins, D.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Philological Quarterly 42 (1963): 558-62.</text>
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              <text>Philological Quarterly 42 (1963)</text>
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              <text>Parson and His Tale&#13;
Style and Versification&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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              <text>mea; 4/24/2020</text>
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              <text>1963</text>
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                <text>Chaucer: "CT" X(I), 42-46.</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2830952">
                <text>Examines the statement about alliterative verse in ParsP 10.42-46, arguing that the "rum, ram, ruf" sequence has its source in French and helps to constitute a "meaningful . . . and technically adroit comment on alliterative poetry."</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Beck, Richard J.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2830946">
              <text>English Studies 44 (1963): 241-53.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2830947">
              <text>English Studies 44 (1963)</text>
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              <text>Canterbury Tales--General&#13;
Style and Versification</text>
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              <text>mea; 4/24/2020</text>
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              <text>1963</text>
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                <text>Educational Expectation and Rhetorical Result in "The Canterbury Tales."</text>
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                <text>Argues that in his "mature work" and in "the service of greater realism," Chaucer used rhetoric "dramatically rather than ornamentally." Then gauges the degree of appropriateness of tales to tellers in light of the percentage of rhetoric in a given tale and its teller's presumed level of education, "special circumstances" of the teller's background or character, or the supposition that the tale was reassigned from one teller to another.</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Bechtel, Robert B.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Susquehanna University Studies 7.2 (1963): 109-18.</text>
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        <element elementId="100">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2830939">
              <text>Susquehanna University Studies 7 (1963)</text>
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              <text>Troilus and Criseyde</text>
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              <text>mea; 4/24/2020</text>
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                <text>Reviews studies of Criseyde's character by G. L. Kittredge, George Mizener, and C. S. Lewis, and argues that she is "the finger pointing in accusation against the code of courtly love." She shows us that "we mortals are fools to think that by our secular religion we can make a law of fidelity which can preserve love beyond anything more than a passing moment."</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2851191">
                <text>The Problem of Criseide's Character.</text>
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              <text>Baugh, Albert C., ed.</text>
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              <text>New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, 1963.&#13;
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              <text>xlvii, 616 pp.</text>
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              <text>Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Chaucer's Major Poetry.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>A teaching edition that includes BD, HF, PF, TC, LGWP-F and the legend of Cleopatra, CT (without Mel or ParsT), and eight short lyrics (Ros, Adam, Gent, Truth, Sted, Scog, Buk, and Purse), with bottom-of-page notes and glosses, and a glossarial index. Individual poems are preceded by introductory essays, and the volume includes a life of Chaucer, descriptions of his language and versification, and a brief bibliography.</text>
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              <text>Adams, John F.</text>
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              <text>Modern Language Quarterly 24 (1963): 61-65.</text>
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              <text>Troilus and Criseyde&#13;
Style and Versification</text>
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                <text>Irony in Troilus' Apostrophe to the Vacant House of Criseyde.</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Observes a variety of astrological and sexual puns, allusions, and emphases in Troilus's address to Criseyde's house ("paraclausithyron"), distancing the reader from Troilus's grief and emphasizing sensual love.</text>
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              <text>Hoffman, Richard L.</text>
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              <text>R. M. Lumiansky and Herschel Baker, eds. Critical Approaches to Six Major English Works: "Beowulf" through "Paradise Lost" (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1968). pp. 41-80.</text>
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              <text>Six Major English Works: "Beowulf" through "Paradise Lost" </text>
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              <text>Background and General Criticism&#13;
Knight and His Tale&#13;
Canterbury Tales--General&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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              <text>mea; 3/29/2020</text>
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              <text>Lumiansky, R.M., ed.&#13;
Baker, Herschel, ed.</text>
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                <text>The Canterbury Tales.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2852074">
                <text>Describes scholarly accomplishments and critical trends in Chaucer studies between 1940 and 1968--editions, source-and-analogue studies, and psychological, theological, and philosophical approaches. Explores the concept of the doubleness in love (two Venuses, her two sons, Ovid's "twin Loves" and Augustinian "caritas" and "cupitas"), applying the concept analytically to KnT and commenting on it elsewhere in CT.</text>
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              <text>Evans, Ruth.</text>
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              <text>Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, Nicholas Watson, Andrew Taylor, and Ruth Evans, eds. The Idea of the Vernacular: An Anthology of Middle English Literary Theory, 1280-1520 (University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press; Exeter: University of Exeter Press 1999), pp. 331-52, pp. 371-78.</text>
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        <element elementId="108">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2830905">
              <text>The Idea of the Vernacular</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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              <text>Language and Word Studies&#13;
General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales&#13;
Wife of Bath and Her Tale&#13;
Clerk and His Tale</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>mea; 3/29/2020</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2830908">
              <text>1999</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2830901">
                <text>An Afterword on the Prologue.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2851800">
                <text>Assesses the functions of prologues in Middle English literature, commenting on nuances of "prohemye," "prefacyon," "preamble," etc., and exploring how prefatory works "disorganiz[e] the categories of center and periphery, 'theoria' and 'praxis'." Includes recurrent comments on GP, WBP, and ClP.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <text>Watson, Nicholas.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2830896">
              <text>Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, Nicholas Watson, Andrew Taylor, and Ruth Evans, eds. The Idea of the Vernacular: An Anthology of Middle English Literary Theory, 1280-1520 (University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press; Exeter: University of Exeter Press 1999), pp. 331-52.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2830897">
              <text>The Idea of the Vernacular</text>
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          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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              <text>Language and Word Studies&#13;
Chaucer's Influence and Later Allusion</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>mea; 3/29/2020</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2830900">
              <text>1999</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2830893">
                <text>The Politics of Middle English Writing.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2830894">
                <text>Provides a history of vernacular writing in English from ca. 1300-1500, reducing traditional emphasis on the importance of Chaucer and his works by adding complementary emphasis on religious writing--Lollard and anti-Lollard, "Piers Plowman," works prompted by confessional pedagogy, and more. Addresses political, social, and dialectical concerns, along with the roles of Latin and French, in describing the development of the prestige and standardization of written English.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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        <element elementId="110">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2830885">
              <text>Hsy, Jonathan.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2830886">
              <text>Marion Turner, ed. A Handbook of Middle English Studies (Chichester: Wiley, 2013), pp. 315-29.</text>
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        <element elementId="108">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2830887">
              <text>A Handbook of Middle English Studies</text>
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          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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              <text>House of Fame&#13;
Canterbury Tales--General</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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          <description/>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2830889">
              <text>mea; 3/23/2020</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2830890">
              <text>2013</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2830883">
                <text>City.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2830884">
                <text>Considers cities as a "mode of thought" for critical analysis, describing a walk-through pedestrian perspective and a from-on-high omniscient perspective in late-medieval English works that include "The Stores of the Cities," "St. Erkenwald," and HF, the latter paralleled with Michel de Certeau's theorization in "Marches dans la ville." Also comments on the critical tradition of absent London in CT. Explores how these perspectives and others capitalize on the complexities of cities to suggest new "critical modes and processes" across and between literary, historical, and theoretical boundaries.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2830877">
              <text>Davis, Isabel.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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          <elementTextContainer>
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              <text>Marion Turner, ed. A Handbook of Middle English Studies (Chichester: Wiley, 2013), pp. 285-98.</text>
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        <element elementId="108">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2830879">
              <text>A Handbook of Middle English Studies</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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              <text>Wife of Bath and Her Tale&#13;
Language and Word Studies</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2830882">
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2830875">
                <text>Class.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2830876">
                <text>Explores Middle English nuances of a set of related concepts: class, estate, identity, calling, and "clayme," investigating them in light of Pauline distinctions between use and possession and between old and new, discussed by Giorgio Agamben. Focuses on "how far social conditions are fixed or provisional" in WBPT, and comments on parallel concerns in "Piers Plowman" and John Gower's "Vox Clamantis."</text>
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Parson and His Tale</text>
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                <text>Describes sovereignty in CT (particularly ParsT) as "a legitimate means of exercising power, distributed hierarchically but founded on the idea of mutual responsibility and equality in the eyes of God." Explores how, in light of this concept, "Havelock the Dane" conceals "beneath the façade" of distinguishing between "good and bad rule" that "politicization of life" is a "means of realizing power." Uses theorizations of power and sovereignty by Michel Foucault, Walter Benjamin, Giorgio Agamben, and Carl Schmitt, and applies the concept of sovereignty to historical periodization, following Kathleen Davis.</text>
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Language and Word Studies</text>
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                <text>Considers the value and possible necessity of periodization in history and literary history, focusing on particular difficulties in dealing with the use of "middle" in "Middle Ages" and "Middle English," and arguing that treatments of Chaucer, Gower, and Lydgate (especially Chaucer) by John Skelton and Stephen Hawes can be seen to disclaim continuity with English antecedents and claim it simultaneously--retrieving while repressing the past.</text>
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                <text>Canon Formation.</text>
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                <text>Summarizes traditional historical arguments for the centrality of Chaucer in the formation of the canon of Middle English literature, identifying "identical aesthetic qualities between Chaucer and the modern" as fundamental to this perspective, and offering a complementary argument (focusing on "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight") that explains canonicity in terms of the "wonder" that texts generate and refuse to demystify.</text>
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              <text>Gillespie, Alexandra.</text>
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              <text>Marion Turner, ed. A Handbook of Middle English Studies (Chichester: Wiley, 2013), pp. 171-85. 1 b&amp;w fig.</text>
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Parliament of Fowls&#13;
Style and Versification</text>
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                <text>Manuscript.</text>
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                <text>Assesses relations between the "idealizing tendencies" of formalist literary studies and the practicalities of studies in book history, reading PF as a "Chaucerian theory of the book" that is similar to the theory of Maurice Blanchot. Explores how a manicule at PF 518 in manuscript Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Bodley 638 (along with a pun on "foule literature " at PF 517) points the way to future study of "the disruptive and changeful work that literature does in the world."</text>
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              <text>Marion Turner, ed. A Handbook of Middle English Studies (Chichester: Wiley, 2013), pp. 155-69. 2 b&amp;w figs.</text>
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Troilus and Criseyde</text>
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                <text>Audience.</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Outlines an "ethnography of reading" and describes "audienceship" as a field of study of "how people actually read (and heard) texts," including examples drawn from Chaucer's fiction and its reception. Closes with a brief survey of reading and performing texts in TC to exemplify medieval audience practices.</text>
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              <text>Gillespie, Vincent.</text>
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              <text>House of Fame&#13;
Chaucer's Influence and Later Allusion&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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                <text>Authorship.</text>
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                <text>Describes classical and medieval concerns with authorial intention and readerly control, commenting on Dante, the "Roman de la Rose," Hoccleve, and Lydgate in particular, and exploring how and where in HF Chaucer "puts in the spotlight the metapoetics of what it is to be a named author." Focuses on Dido's lament (ll. 300-10) and Fame's court to disclose Chaucer's concern with the "semiosis of his text" and his rejection of laureation "even before it is offered to him."</text>
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              <text>Crane, Susan.</text>
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              <text>A Handbook of Middle English Studies</text>
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              <text>Prioress and Her Tale&#13;
Nun's Priest and His Tale</text>
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                <text>Animality.</text>
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                <text>Describes "critical animal studies"; then examines human-animal relations in PrT and NPT, arguing that the Prioress's "selective sympathy for certain animals" in her GP description "forecasts her narrow sympathy for certain humans" in her Tale. NPT, on the other hand, "ponders . . . the ways in which cross-species interactions participate in self-expression, question the status of the human, and contribute to community formation" across classes, races, nations, and species.</text>
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              <text>Marion Turner, ed. A Handbook of Middle English Studies (Chichester: Wiley, 2013), pp. 93-107.</text>
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              <text>A Handbook of Middle English Studies</text>
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                <text>Public Interiorities.</text>
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                <text>Theorizes "public interiorities" in terms of literary voice, Augustinian self-awareness, and Jürgen Habermus's conceptualization of the "public sphere," discussing them as expressions or perceptions of stances or outlooks that are neither universal nor individual but political and rhetorically value-laden. Comments on a range of late-medieval English texts, including a general claim that CT is a "vast anthology of diverse public interiorities" and, particularly, that PrT functions differently than Book 8 of Augustine's "Confessions" and "St Erkenwald" and voices the public interiority of antisemitism and "unending violence."</text>
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              <text>Scala, Elizabeth.</text>
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              <text>Marion Turner, ed. A Handbook of Middle English Studies (Chichester: Wiley, 2013), pp. 49-62.</text>
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Language and Word Studies&#13;
Manuscripts and Textual Studies&#13;
Style and Versification</text>
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                <text>Desire.</text>
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                <text>Argues that "Desire-as-impasse is the human condition" in KnT, exploring how readers' "reading backward" from the end of the tale--seeking to fulfill the "desire for signification"--parallels the efforts of Arcite and Palamon to articulate their own desires and in doing so call the desires into existence in Lacanian fashion. Includes comments on rhyme riche echoes between two meanings of "armes" (limbs and weapons), manuscripts variants in Arcite's desire for "victorie," and Arcite's awareness of Emelye's desires.</text>
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              <text>Chichester: Wiley, 2013. </text>
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              <text>xix, 444 pp.; 12 b&amp;w figs.&#13;
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Background and General Criticism</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2830802">
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                <text>A Handbook of Middle English Studies.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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                <text>Twenty-six chapters by various authors, with an Introduction by the editor in which she emphasizes diverse theoretical approaches to Middle English studies and observes that Chaucer's texts "foreground the idea that readers construct texts" (3). Chapter topics include Imagination, Memory, Desire, Gender, Sexuality, Public Interiorities, Race, Animality, Authorship, Audience, Manuscript, Material Culture, Genre, Aesthetics, Canon Formation, Periodization, Sovereignty, Class, Church, City, Margins, Ecology, Nation, Language, Postcolonialism, and A Global Middle Ages. The volume includes an index with numerous references to Chaucer, For eleven essays that pertain Chaucer, search under A Handbook of Middle English Studies under Alternative Title.</text>
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              <text>Robertson, Kellie.</text>
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              <text>Animal, Vegetable, Mineral: Ethics and Objects.</text>
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Chaucer's Influence and Later Allusion</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2830793">
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                <text>Distinguishes between modern views of rocks as mere objects and medieval understanding of their "virtues," agency, and exemplary value, raising questions about objects in nature and in art. Assesses the tale of the cock and the rock in Robert Henryson and in John Lydgate, and comments on how the black rocks in FranT and a scene in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" show that "abstract notions of 'trouthe' are meaningless unless grounded in the matter of the natural world." Also describes the "Chaucer Pebble" of the British Museum and its reception.</text>
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              <text>Brown, Pete.</text>
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              <text>New York: St, Martin's, 2012.</text>
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              <text>[xv], 352 pp.; b&amp;w figs.</text>
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              <text>Canterbury Tales--General&#13;
Chaucerian Apocrypha</text>
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              <text>The Poet's Tale, Or, How English Literature Was Born in a Southwark Inn.</text>
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                <text>Shakespeare's Pub: A Barstool History of London as Seen Through the Windows of Its Oldest Pub--The George Inn.</text>
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                <text>A popular history of the George Inn, Southwark, located next to where the Tabard once stood. Includes various references to the Tabard Inn in history and in CT, and includes a chapter called "The Poet's Tale, Or, How English Literature Was Born in a Southwark Inn" (pp/ 99-117), with comments on what CT and the prologue to the "Tale of Beryn" disclose about drinking establishments of Chaucer's time, including differences between an inn and an alehouse. Also comments on different attitudes toward drinking in CT and in "Piers Plowman."</text>
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