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              <text>Morgan, Gerald.</text>
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              <text>In Nicolas Jacobs and Gerald Morgan, eds. "Truth is the beste": A Festschrift in Honour of A. V. C. Schmidt (New York: Lang, 2014), pp. 137-68. </text>
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              <text>Truth is the Beste.</text>
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              <text>Canterbury Tales--General&#13;
Manuscripts and Textual Studies&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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              <text>mea; SAC 42:115</text>
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                <text>Chaucer's Tellers and Tales and the Design of the "Canterbury Tales." </text>
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                <text>Reviews the "extreme implausibility" of attributing the art of individual tales in CT to the pilgrim-narrators, and argues that the "ideas and arguments" of the tales belong to Chaucer. Also reviews the sequential order of the tales as found in the Ellesmere  manuscript, and compares the narrative art of CT favorably with that of TC, commenting on Boccaccio and Dante as Chaucer's models.</text>
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              <text>New York: Peter Lang, 2014</text>
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              <text>xxiii, 217 pp.</text>
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              <text>Court Culture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, no. 1.</text>
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              <text>Morgan, Gerald, ed.</text>
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              <text>mea; SAC 42:87</text>
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                <text>"Truth is the beste": A Festschrift in Honour of A. V. C. Schmidt. </text>
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                <text>Includes twelve essays by various authors on Middle English literature, and an introductory appreciation of A. V. C. (Carl) Schmidt, a list of his publications, and an index. For two essays that pertain to Chaucer, search for Truth is the Beste under Alternative Title.</text>
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              <text>Goldie, Matthew Boyd. </text>
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              <text>Studies in the Age of Chaucer 40 (2018): 379-87.</text>
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              <text>Background and General Criticism&#13;
House of Fame&#13;
Knight and His Tale&#13;
Pardoner and His Tale</text>
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              <text>mea; SAC 42:86</text>
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                <text>Spatial History: "Estres," Edges, and Contents.</text>
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                <text>Theorizes how "fundamental ways of apprehending space in the past can differ from our own," focusing on local, everyday spaces, their boundaries, and their contents, and exemplifying medieval notions with details and descriptions from Chaucer's works, especially HF, KnT, and PardT.</text>
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              <text>Evans, G. R. </text>
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              <text>London: I. B. Tauris, 2017. </text>
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              <text>xx, 252 pp.</text>
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Canterbury Tale--General</text>
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              <text>mea; SAC 42:84</text>
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                <text>A Short History of Medieval Christianity.</text>
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                <text>Addresses the history of medieval Christianity from the fall of Rome to the ideas of the Reformation. Focuses less on secular and ecclesiastical religious elites and more on how the general public viewed issues of damnation and salvation in the Middle Ages. Pays attention to lives of saints, writings by mystical women, the appeal of monasticism, the Crusades, and the rise of friars amidst the crisis of heresy within the Church. Chapter 4 includes discussion of relationships among Muslims, Jews, and Christians and Chaucer's satirical view of pilgrimage in CT.</text>
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              <text>Edwards, Robert R. </text>
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              <text>Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2017.</text>
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              <text>xxxiii, 230 pp.</text>
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              <text>Interventions: New Studies in Medieval Culture.</text>
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              <text>Background and General Criticism&#13;
Chaucer's Influence and Later Allusion</text>
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              <text>mea; SAC 42:83</text>
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                <text>Investigates the rhetorical and creative potentials of the idea of authorship as it developed in medieval English literature and established the basis of authorial "prestige and power" for future literary tradition. Individual chapters assess works by Bede, Walter Map, Marie de France, John Gower, Chaucer, John Lydgate, Thomas Hoccleve, and the "Afterlife of Medieval Authorship." Confronts Chaucer's "sustained engagement with the questions and problems of authorship" (p. 105) and his devices of disavowal throughout his corpus, exploring how he "creates through imitation" (p. 110), and assessing how other writers used him in developing a rhetoric of English authorial self-awareness and canon formation.</text>
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              <text>Chism, Christine.</text>
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              <text>In Robert DeMaria Jr., Heesok Chang, and Samantha Zacher, eds. A Companion to British Literature. Vol. I, Medieval Literature 700–1450 (Chichester: Wiley, 2014), pp. 130-45.</text>
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              <text>A Companion to British Literature.</text>
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Troilus and Criseyde</text>
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              <text>mea; SAC 42:215</text>
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                <text>Courtly Love and Its Impossible Implementation: The Narrative Pragmatics of an Ideal.</text>
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                <text>Surveys the meanings, origins, and theories of courtly love, asking how it "works" in medieval texts, what light it can "cast upon medieval cultural practices, and why it comes to matter." Includes discussion of secrecy in TC, a text that animates the "tension between feudal amorous service and literary improvisation."</text>
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                <text>Argues that Chaucer's works are "far more ambivalent and less polemical about revolt" than earlier texts or contemporary ones. Identifies changes in historical understanding of "revolution" as a concept, and examines MkT, where revolt is part of an "eternal pattern"; NPT, where the "Great Revolt" of 1381 is cited, and inevitable patterns are inflected by chance and human agency; and Mars, where planetary revolutions are linked with political and personal upheavals. Similar concerns echo throughout Chaucer's works.</text>
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              <text>In Robert DeMaria Jr., Heesok Chang, and Samantha Zacher, eds. A Companion to British Literature. Vol. I, Medieval Literature 700–1450 (Chichester: Wiley, 2014), pp. 202-14. </text>
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                <text>Explores how aspects of Chaucer's works reflect Britishness, Englishness, internationalism, and cosmopolitanism--a "potentially conflicted and unresolved matrix of possibilities" (p. 213). Identifies links and resonances between Chaucer's narratives and the ebb and flow of cultural influences, political events, and literary forms and fashions, with attention to "translatio imperii," sovereignty, nationhood, selfhood, and violence.</text>
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lxix, 458 pp.</text>
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Zacher, Samantha, ed.</text>
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              <text>Medieval Literature 700-1450.</text>
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                <text>A Companion to British Literature. Vol. 1, Medieval Literature 700-1450.</text>
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                <text>Includes twenty-six essays by individual authors that survey a range of issues in understanding the concept of "British literature" in the medieval period, considering history, politics, modes of production, literary forms, reception, religion, gender, and critical tradition. The volume incudes a comprehensive index with numerous references to Chaucer and his works. For three essays that pertain to Chaucer, search for A Companion to British Literature under Alternative Title.</text>
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              <text>Dearnley, Elizabeth.</text>
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              <text>Rochester, N.Y.: Boydell and Brewer, 2016.</text>
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              <text>xiv, 301 pp.</text>
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              <text>Background and General Criticism&#13;
Legend of Good Women&#13;
Second Nun and Her Tale</text>
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              <text>mea; SAC 42:81</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2832336">
                <text>Translators and Their Prologues in Medieval England.</text>
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                <text>Explores "the practice of translation from French into English in medieval England, and how the translators themselves viewed their task," including discussion of LGWP as Chaucer's "self-aware, playful" analysis of the factors complicating translation. Also considers SNP in the context of "nun translators in later medieval England," suggesting that it poses an "intriguing, additional perspective," complicated by ambiguous markers of oral and written delivery.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Cushing, Ian.</text>
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              <text>Language and Literature 27.4 (2018): 271-85</text>
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              <text>Background and General Criticism&#13;
Style and Versification</text>
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              <text>mea: SAC 42:80</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2832328">
                <text>Stylistics Goes to School.</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Argues that training in stylistics has benefits for teachers, putting forward a pattern for what a training course might look like. Chaucer is invoked as a subject of study by a student respondent.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <text>Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome.</text>
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              <text>Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.</text>
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              <text>vii, 367 pp.</text>
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              <text>Background and General Criticism&#13;
Franklin and His Tale&#13;
Former Age</text>
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              <text>mea; SAC 42:79</text>
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                <text>Stone: An Ecology of the Inhuman.</text>
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                <text>An extended essay in "thinking beyond anthropocentrality" by appreciating "lithic" ontology and "geophilia" ("geology without dispassion"), an example of posthumanist, object-oriented consideration that seeks to dislodge assumptions about human/nonhuman binaries. Explores the imagery of, and stories about, rocks, stones, and gems in scriptural, classical, and medieval traditions as they differ from and are, at times, similar to modern geophysical understanding and instrumental views about nature. Includes commentary on Form Age and CT, especially FranT, where Dorigen perceives "lithic agency" in the black rocks.</text>
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              <text>Weston, Lisa M. C. </text>
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              <text>In Albrecht Classen, ed. Magic and Magicians in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Time: The Occult in Pre-Modern Sciences, Medicine, Literature, Religion, and Astrology (Boston, Mass.: De Gruyter, 2017), pp. 507-22.</text>
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              <text>Magic and Magicians in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Time.</text>
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              <text>Franklin and His Tale</text>
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              <text>mea; SAC 42:156</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Curious Clerks: Image Magic and Chaucerian Poetics.</text>
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                <text>Suggests that magic--specifically "image magic"--and poetics were interconnected for Chaucer and his original audience. Focuses on FranT, rhetoric, ekphrasis, and other "conjunctions of magic and rhetoric" in Chaucer's writings to reflect "the possible influence of contemporary image magic on Chaucer's poetic theory and practice."</text>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Pigg, Daniel F. </text>
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              <text>In Albrecht Classen, ed. Magic and Magicians in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Time: The Occult in Pre-Modern Sciences, Medicine, Literature, Religion, and Astrology (Boston, Mass.: De Gruyter, 2017), pp. 489-506.</text>
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              <text>Magic and Magicians in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Time.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832309">
              <text>Franklin and His Tale&#13;
Canon's Yeoman and His Tale</text>
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              <text>mea; SAC 42:155</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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              <elementText elementTextId="2832304">
                <text>Representing Magic and Science in "The Franklin's Tale" and "The Canon's Yeoman's Tale": Chaucer's Exploration of Connected Topics.</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Comments on the "shadowy slippage" between science and magic in FranT and the deceptive practices evident in CYPT suggesting that "Chaucer explored magic and science" in order to distinguish between "phenomena that can be controlled" and those that cannot.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              <text>Classen, Albrecht, ed.</text>
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              <text>Boston, Mass.: De Gruyter, 2017. </text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2832299">
              <text>x, 757 pp. </text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832300">
              <text>Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture, no. 20. </text>
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          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832301">
              <text>Background and General Criticism</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832302">
              <text>mea; SAC 42:78</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2832303">
              <text>2017</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2832295">
                <text>Magic and Magicians in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Time: The Occult in Pre-Modern Sciences, Medicine, Literature, Religion, and Astrology.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2832296">
                <text>Twenty-five essays by various authors on a wide array of topics. For two essays that pertain to Chaucer, search for Magic and Magicians in the Middle and the Early Modern Times under Alternative Title.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832288">
              <text>Cherewatuk, Karen, and Carson Koepke.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832289">
              <text>Chaucer Review 53.4 (2018): 449-84.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832290">
              <text>Koepke, Carson.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832291">
              <text>Chaucer Review 53 (2018)</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832292">
              <text>Background and General Criticism</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
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          <description/>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832293">
              <text>mea; SAC 42:77</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2832294">
              <text>2018</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2832286">
                <text>The Poet, the Painter, and the Bishop's Wife: Chaucer on the Prairie.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2832287">
                <text>Explores the cultural ties between the Anglican Church on the American frontier and the Church of England through Elizabeth Whipple's Chaucer portrait.</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
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  </item>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="521447">
                  <text>Chaucer Bibliography Online</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832278">
              <text>Bryson, Michael, and Arpi Movsesian.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832279">
              <text>[Cambridge]: Open Books, 2017. </text>
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        <element elementId="99">
          <name>Physical Description</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2832280">
              <text>.x, 567 pp.; color illus. </text>
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        <element elementId="112">
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              <text>Movsesian, Arpi.</text>
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              <text>Post-Fin'amor English Poetry.</text>
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        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832283">
              <text>Background and General Criticism&#13;
Knight and His Tale&#13;
Miller and His Tale&#13;
Wife of Bath and Her Tale</text>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2832284">
              <text>mea; SAC 42:76</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832285">
              <text>2017</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2832276">
                <text>Love and Its Critics: From the Song of Songs to Shakespeare and Milton's Eden.</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2832277">
                <text>Surveys depictions of love, from the Bible to English Renaissance literature, exploring poetic representations of love and the effects of efforts to sublimate or suppress it. The section on Chaucer (pp. 280-94), labeled "Post-Fin'amor English Poetry," treats courtly love in KnT as a "Neoplatonized and Christianized caricature of fin'amor." Juxtaposing KnT with MilT, Chaucer suggests that "love must be a matter of heart, mind, spirit, and body all at once," a reassertion of traditional fin'amors sensibility. Reads WBPT and its emphasis on glossing as an indictment of courtly and clerical efforts to suppress female desire.</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832270">
              <text>Braswell, Mary Flowers. </text>
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              <text>Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2016&#13;
New York: Routledge, 2017.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832272">
              <text> xvii, 113 pp.; 12 b&amp;w illus. </text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832273">
              <text>Background and General Criticism&#13;
Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832274">
              <text>mea; SAC 42:75</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832275">
              <text>2016&#13;
2017</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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              <elementText elementTextId="2832268">
                <text>The Forgotten Chaucer Scholarship of Mary Eliza Haweis (1848-98). </text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2832269">
                <text>A critical biography of Haweis that emphasizes her work as a Chaucer scholar, critic, editor, and illustrator, explaining her accomplishments in relation to the better-known Chaucerians of the nineteenth century and exploring why her influence is not more widely acknowledged today. Includes discussion of Haweis's texts for children and schools, and other publications on Chaucer, identifying innovative approaches and issues that later became widespread critical concerns: the paternity of Thomas Chaucer, real-life models for Chaucer's characters, his "special communication with an implied audience," appreciation of MilT, and bridging popular and academic approaches to Chaucer's works.</text>
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  <item itemId="275079" public="1" featured="0">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832261">
              <text>Blud, Victoria.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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              <text>Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2017.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832263">
              <text>ix, 211 pp. </text>
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        <element elementId="104">
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832264">
              <text>Gender in the Middle Ages, no. 12. </text>
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          <name>Chaucer Subject</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2832265">
              <text>Background and General Criticism&#13;
Pardoner and His Tale&#13;
Legend of Good Women&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832266">
              <text>mea; SAC 42:74</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2832267">
              <text>2017</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2832259">
                <text>The Unspeakable, Gender and Sexuality in Medieval Literature 1000-1400.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2832260">
                <text>Explores "varieties of the medieval unspeakable," from ineffability and mysticism to same-sex eroticism, in Old and Middle English literary tradition, employing an analytical method adapted from Michel Foucault, Jacques Lacan, and Giorgio Agamben, informed by feminist criticism. Includes discussion of the Pardoner, and critical traditions of the character (pp. 78-85, 104-5) as multifaceted and fragmented, a manifestation of the "vital and generative importance of the partial." Also discusses speech, speechlessness, and textuality in Chaucer's legend of Philomela in LGW (153-60) and John Gower's "Tale of Tereus," exploring their "cuts" and relative emphases.</text>
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              <text>Barron, Caroline.</text>
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              <text>In Linda Clark and Elizabeth Danbury, eds. "A Verray Parfit Praktisour": Essays Presented to Carole Rawcliffe (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2017), pp. 141-51. </text>
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              <text>Danbury, Elizabeth, ed.</text>
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              <text>"A Verray Parfit Praktisour": Essays Presented to Carole Rawcliffe.</text>
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              <text>Background and General Criticism&#13;
Reeve and His Tale</text>
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              <text>mea; SAC 42:73</text>
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                <text>Telling Time in Chaucer's London.</text>
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                <text>Questions why there was "no great belfry housing a public clock in medieval London," arguing that something similar was raised in the 1350s at the parish church of St. Pancras in Soper Lane. Includes one reference to Chaucer: the cock crow rather than clock bells in RvT 1.4233.</text>
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              <text>Shute, Rosie.</text>
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              <text>English Studies 98 (2017): 262-82. </text>
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Facsimiles, Editions, and Translations</text>
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              <text>mea; SAC 42:71</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2832242">
                <text>Pressed for Space: The Effects of Justification and the Printing Process on Fifteenth-Century Orthography.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="2852076">
                <text>Analyzes parallel sections of text from William Caxton's two editions of CT set by the same compositor--Mel and ParsT, NPT and ManT--comparing practices in prose tales and verse tales, and also comparing the practices of the compositor of Richard Pynson's "Reynard the Fox." The tabulated data show that the compositors either broke words over lines, abbreviated words, or altered spaces between words in order to achieve justification; they did not adjust spelling in order to do so.</text>
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              <text>Rudd, Gillian.</text>
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        <element elementId="98">
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          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2832236">
              <text>In Greg Garrard, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Ecocriticism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 27-39. </text>
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              <text>Garrard, Greg, ed.</text>
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              <text>The Oxford Handbook of Ecocriticism.</text>
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              <text>Wife of Bath and Her Tale&#13;
Friar and His Tale&#13;
Squire and His Tale&#13;
Against Women Unconstant</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832240">
              <text>mea; SAC 42:70</text>
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        <element elementId="114">
          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="2832241">
              <text>2014</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2832233">
                <text>Being Green in Late Medieval English Literature.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="2832234">
                <text>Comments on forerunners of ecocritical thinking in medieval literature, and explores the connotations of "green" (often in contrast with "blue") in Wom Unc, SqT, FrT, WBT, and "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight," arguing that medieval usage reflects a "system of . . . values . . . which prizes changeability and an ability to adapt."</text>
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              <text>Niebrzydowski, Sue.</text>
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              <text>In Sarah Carpenter, Pamela M. King, Meg Twycross, and Greg Walker, eds. "The best pairt of our play": Essays Presented to John J. McGavin, Part II (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2017), pp. 38-56. </text>
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Twycross, Meg, ed.&#13;
Walker, Greg, ed.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832229">
              <text>"The best pairt of our play": Essays Presented to John J. McGavin, Part II .</text>
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              <text>Troilus and Criseyde&#13;
Chaucer's Influence and Later Allusion</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832231">
              <text>mea; SAC 42:222</text>
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                <text>Ye know eek that in forme of speche is change": Chaucer, Henryson, and the Welsh "Troelus a Chresyd."</text>
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                <text>Describes the "the provenance, codicology, sources, and performance possibilities" of the early modern Welsh play "Troelus a Chresyd," exploring its relations with TC, Robert Henryson's "Testament of Cresseid," and Renaissance dramatic versions of the story by Shakespeare and Thomas Heywood.</text>
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              <text>Nakao, Yoshiyuki.</text>
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              <text>Hideshi Ohno, Kazuho Mizuno, and Osamu Imabayashi, eds. The Pleasure of English Language and Literature: A Festschrift for Akiyuki Jimura (Hiroshima: Keisuisha, 2018), pp. 241-60.</text>
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            <elementText elementTextId="2832220">
              <text>The Pleasure of English Language and Literature.</text>
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              <text>Troilus and Criseyde&#13;
Language and Word Studies</text>
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              <text>mea; SAC 42:221</text>
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          <name>Date</name>
          <description/>
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                <text>The Semantics of Chaucer's Speech/Thought Presentation in "Troilus and Criseyde": The Emergence of Conceptual Blending.</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Analyzes Chaucer's presentation of speech and thought in TC and seeks to show the way the "conceptual blending" of different subjects occurs in it.</text>
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              <text>Iwakuni, Tomoko.</text>
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              <text>Hideshi Ohno, Kazuho Mizuno, and Osamu Imabayashi, eds. The Pleasure of English Language and Literature: A Festschrift for Akiyuki Jimura (Hiroshima: Keisuisha, 2018), pp. 79-93.</text>
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              <text>The Pleasure of English Language and Literature</text>
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              <text>Romaunt of the Rose&#13;
Sources, Analogues, and Literary Relations&#13;
Language and Word Studies</text>
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        <element elementId="109">
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              <text>mea; SAC 42:213</text>
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          <name>Date</name>
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                <text>Notes on the Tenses in "The Romaunt of the Rose"-A and the Original Text.</text>
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                <text>Closely compares the opening portion of Rom with its French source and points out that Chaucer's translations of verb tenses are faithful to the original French text. Suggests Chaucer may have attempted to express a combination of the preterit and imperfect tenses as well as the French "subjonctif," neither of which has a perfect counterpart in English.</text>
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